The ABC (Air, Brakes, Chain) Bike Quick Check is a great way to check your bike before setting out for a ride to make sure it is safe and in good working order.
Below is an example of the ABC Bike Quick Check from Ontario Road Safety. The "Young Cyclist's Guide" from the Ontario Ministry of Transportation:
http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/safety/pdfs/young-cyclist-guide.pdf also includes one and other helpful information for cyclists.