ICU | 英語リーディング

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ICU | 英語リーディング | 2020

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PARTⅠ Text1

31. What is the main argument of the text introduced in paragraph 1?

1 point

a. Europeans did harm to Pacific tattoo cultures out of ignorance.

b. European and Pacific cultures were similar in the 19th century.

c. Europeans had an adventurous spirit in the 18th and 19th centuries.

d. Europeans imported the practice of tattooing from the Pacific region.

Clear selection

32. What does the example of the sailors on Captain Bligh’s ship demonstrate?

1 point

a. Their tattoos were a form of exotic decoration.

b. Their tattoos signified being a courageous explorer.

c. Their tattoos symbolised resistance against authority.

d. Their tattoos were a sign of being savage and primitive.

Clear selection

33. Why did the missionaries strongly object to the Polynesian custom of tattooing?

1 point

a. Tattoos gave Polynesians excessive social status.

b. Missionaries regarded tattoos as being unchristian.

c. Tattoos protected Polynesians from unworldly danger.

d. Missionaries considered tattoos to represent political rebellion.

Clear selection

34. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined phrase at variance with in paragraph 4?

1 point

a. a variety of

b. different from

c. consistent with

d. contradictory to

Clear selection

35. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true?

1 point

a. Most Japanese generally viewed Polynesians? tattoos negatively.

b. Tattoos were used to mark criminals until approximately 1650 in Japan.

c. Damaging one’s skin was against cultural beliefs throughout the Pacific.

d. The branding of criminals with tattoos was controversial in the 17th century.

Clear selection

36. What is the main function of paragraph 5?

1 point

a. to emphasise the development of Japanese tattooists’ skills

b. to present the contrast between kabuki, ukiyo-e and tattoos

c. to describe people who contributed to the popularity of tattoos

d. to explain a shift in attitude towards tattoos in Japanese history

Clear selection

37. According to the text, what can be inferred about tattooing in Japan?

1 point

a. The ruling samurai class considered tattooing to be primitive in the late Edo period.

b. Tattooing in Polynesia negatively contributed to the Meiji government’s view on tattooing.

c. Tattooing had been common in Hokkaido and Okinawa before the Meiji government prohibited it.

d. The Meiji government’s decision about tattooing was influenced by the ruling class during the Edo period.

Clear selection

38. What does the final quotation by the tattoo artist imply?

1 point

a. To borrow tattooing practices from other cultures is a kind of theft.

b. To remove tattooing practices from their original context is meaningless.

c. To separate tattooing practices from other art forms does not make sense.

d. To imitate tattooing practices from one Polynesian culture alone is pointless.

Clear selection

PARTⅠ Text2

39. What is the main function of paragraph 1?

1 point

a. to provide historical background to the passage

b. to expose the weaknesses in the declinists’ thesis

c. to show that there are contrasting views on the topic

d. to emphasize the validity of the declinists’ argument

Clear selection

40. In paragraph 2, why does the author mention contemporary hunter-gatherer societies?

1 point

a. to explain the method used to estimate average lifespan in prehistoric societies

b. to show how the number of war-related deaths in prehistoric societies was calculated

c. to make readers aware that hunter-gather societies continue to exist in parts of the world

d. to illustrate that the number of conflict deaths in modern hunter-gatherer societies is small

Clear selection

41. Why does the author include the number of deaths in World War II in paragraph 3?

1 point

a. to question the accuracy of the figures the declinists’ use

b. to provide additional evidence for the declinists’ argument

c. to show that the declinists overstate the significance of the war

d. to demonstrate that the declinists5 method of analysing data is problematic

Clear selection

42. According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements is true?

1 point

a. Modem societies are more likely to accurately document civilian war deaths than military war deaths.

b. Data regarding the number of casualties in wars should be excluded from studies into war death trends.

c. The number of fatalities resulting from the conflict in Iraq was originally significantly overestimated.

d. It is very difficult to accurately count the number of civilian deaths during a conflict in a less developed country.

Clear selection

43. Which of the following would most effectively conclude paragraph 4?

1 point

a. Therefore, the declinists, argument can only be applied to more recent conflicts.

b. Therefore, one must question whether it is possible to draw clear conclusions from the available data.

c. Therefore, it is also necessary to examine how medical advances may have affected war- related death rates.

d. Therefore, there is a significant chance that many more civilians died in the Peloponnesian War than was previously estimated.

Clear selection

44. Which of the following examples would NOT effectively support the claim made in paragraph 5?

1 point

a. There have been significant technological developments in reducing blood loss.

b. Combatants suffering from serious bums are much more likely to survive today.

c. Advances in protective body armour have led to fewer and less serious battlefield injuries.

d. Prior to the discovery of antibiotics, a soldier could die as a result of minor injury

Clear selection

45. What is the author’s message in paragraph 6?

1 point

a. The decline of violence theory is still very controversial,

b. Recognising the enduring threat of war may help prevent it.

c. There is not enough evidence to understand the risks of war.

d. The declinists’ hypothesis should bring us a feeling of comfort.

Clear selection

46. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this text?

1 point

a. The Declinists, Perspective on the Likelihood of War

b. A Historical Comparison of the Number of War Deaths

c. Doubts Regarding the "Decline of War Deaths5 Argument

d. Declining War Deaths as a Reflection of Declining Violence

Clear selection

PARTⅠText3

47. Which of the following is the best definition of precision medicine?

1 point

a. A new approach that precisely predicts different patterns of disease development for cancer patients.

b. A new approach to medicine which can revolutionise healthcare by collecting data from large populations.

c. A new approach to the treatment of cancer in which treatment can be tailored to subgroups of patients, or even individual patients.

d. A new approach for disease treatment that takes into account individual differences in genes, environment and lifestyle for each person.

Clear selection

48. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of precision medicine for cancer treatment based on the information in paragraph 2?

1 point

a. It can identify new types of cancer at an early stage.

b. It can reduce the need for unnecessary cancer treatment.

c. It can customise treatment for individual cancer patients.

d. It can create a genetic profile of an individua’s cancer cells.

Clear selection

49. Which of the following is the best definition of the underlined word generic as used in paragraph 2?

1 point

a. traditional

b. non-brand

c. customised

d. non-specific

Clear selection

50. What can be inferred from the study in paragraph 3?

1 point

a. Chemotherapy is an inexpensive treatment for cancer.

b. Chemotherapy is not beneficial for many participants.

c. Chemotherapy is more reliable than hormone therapy.

d. Chemotherapy is not likely to prevent cancer recurrence.

Clear selection

51. Which of the following statements about the study in paragraph 4 is true?

1 point

a. More than half of the participants had known mutations.

b. The participants failed to respond well to tailored treatment.

c. Almost all the participants with known mutations had tailored treatment.

d. Genetic profiling led to significantly better outcomes for the participants.

Clear selection

52. What is the main function of paragraphs 3 and 4?

1 point

a. to explain how precision medicine uses genetic testing to create genetic profiles

b. to illustrate that chemotherapy and other general cancer treatments are not always effective

c. to explain the potential of precision medicine to fight cancer that has proved difficult to treat

d. to illustrate how precision medicine can benefit both groups of similar patients and individual patients

Clear selection

53. Which of the following best describes the sequence of Judy Perkins’ treatment?

1 point

a. Find immune cells which best attack the cancer -> Sequence and analyse the DNA of the patient’s cancer tumour -> Replicate tumour- infiltrating lymphocytes outside the body -> Return these customised cells to the patient

b. Create a genetic profile of the tumour -> Search for immune cells which attack the genetic defects -> Reproduce these cells outside the body ->Inject the immune cells into the patient

c. Find immune cells which best attack the cancer -> Sequence and analyse the DNA of the patient’s cancer tumour -> Isolate and culture tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes -> Return these customised cells to the patient

d. Create a genetic profile of the tumour -> Search for immune cells which attack the genetic defects -> Infuse these cells into the patient -> Replicate to produce billions of the cells

Clear selection

54. Based on the final paragraph, which of the following is most consistent with the writer’s overall position on precision medicine?

1 point

a. It will be made available to everyone in the near future.

b. It is highly likely to revolutionise the treatment of cancer.

c. It raises serious issues of privacy regarding data collection.

d. It has benefits that will outweigh its social and ethical concerns.

Clear selection

PARTⅡ

55.

1 point

a. reflect

b. reflected on

c. reflecting upon

d. which reflect

Clear selection

56.

1 point

a. archaic

b. dated

c. pioneering

d. unfounded

Clear selection

57.

1 point

a. assertions

b. assumptions

c. concentrations

d. interactions

Clear selection

58.

1 point

a. fundamentally

b. nearly

c. possibly

d. virtually

Clear selection

59.

1 point

a. attentive

b. conscious

c. hesitant

d. wary

Clear selection

60.

1 point

a. at

b. for

c. on

d. with

Clear selection

61.

1 point

a. conquer

b. cope with

c. entertain

d. yield to

Clear selection

62.

1 point

a. by

b. under

c. upon

d. with

Clear selection

63.

1 point

a. dependent

b. hierarchal

c. independent

d. successive

Clear selection

64.

1 point

a. refrain

b. restrain

c. restrict

d. retain

Clear selection

65.

1 point

a. However

b. In conclusion

c. Moreover

d. Therefore

Clear selection

66.

1 point

a. behaviours

b. contexts

c. factors

d. mindsets

Clear selection

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