Source: “Hellenistic Achievements,” Susan Ramirez, Holt World History Human Legacy
The blending of cultures in the Hellenistic world brought significant changes to society. Some of the most dramatic changes were caused by the exchange of ideas by people from different cultures. This exchange led to new advances in philosophy, literature, and science. As Greek influence spread through Alexander’s empire, so too did interest in Greek philosophy. Contact with other cultures led to changes in classical philosophy, which absorbed and reacted to ideas from these other cultures. Partly as a result of these changes, new schools of philosophy developed in the Hellenistic world. One new school of philosophy created in the Hellenistic world was Cynicism. Its students, called Cynics, rejected the ideas of pleasure, wealth, and social responsibility. Instead, they believed that people should live according to nature, with none of humanity’s created institutions. As a result, many Cynics gave away all their possessions, begged for food, and lived in public buildings. Another new school of philosophy, the Epicureans, taught that people should seek out pleasure, which they equated with good, and try to avoid pain, which they considered evil. One way to find pleasure, the Epicureans believed, was to develop close friendships with people who shared similar ideas. The most influential of the new schools of philosophy was Stoicism. The Stoics placed great emphasis on reason, self-discipline, emotional control, and personal morality. Unlike the Cynics, they did not believe that people should withdraw from society in order to find happiness. Instead, they argued that people should identify their proper role in society and strive to fulfill that role.