Markov models of language (n-gram language models)
Hidden Markov models (HMMs)
Conditional Random Fields (CRFs)
Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs)
Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)
Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA)
Word2vec, fasttext, GloVe
Attention and transformers
Transformation-based models (e.g., Brill tagger)