Quiz #4 (Ling 380/Soc 427)

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Due by 2:30pm on Friday, May 7th.

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I. Social variation

Questions based on our class on Friday, April 23rd.

1. In Fischer's (1958) study, he found a correlation between... *

the pronunciation of postvocalic [r] and gender

the pronunciation of -ing/-in' and race

the "double negative" and class in Detroit

the pronunciation of -ing/-in' and gender

Chart based on Labov's work in New York City

2. According to the above chart, what percentage of speakers in S. Klein said [r] in their second utterance of 'fourth'? *

II. Language change

Questions based on our class on Friday, April 30th.

3. Which of the following is an example of phonemic coalescence? *

the aspiration of /t/, /k/, and /p/ in words like 'tick,' 'kick,' and 'pick'

the collapse of the vowel sounds in 'merry', 'marry', and 'Mary' for many Americans

the pronunciation of 'top' as 'tap' as a result of the Northern Cities Shift

people not pronouncing the /p/ in words like 'psychology' and 'psalm'

4. When talking about language change, what do we mean by external change (as opposed to internal change)? Give an example of an external change. *

5. The Northern Cities Shift has been observed since at least the 1970s. Recently, some researchers have found a reversal of the shift among some young people. (Recall our discussion of D'Onofrio & Benheim (2019), available on the class site.) With this in mind, do you think the Northern Cities Shift will continue into the future? Why or why not? *

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