An “analysis” of mastitis Part 1 Understanding Data by Dr. Grant van Lelyveld

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1. Where are the issues when it comes to data and udder health systems? *

a. The type, quality (level of accuracy), amount and accessibility of the data are limiting factors which are further complicated by the time and level of involvement needed to analyse the data to implement efficient and effective udder health management.

b. The type, source, amount and accessibility of data are limiting factors which are further complicated by the price charged to analyse the data.

c. Neither a nor b are correct.

d. Mastitis is not managed, but only treated.

e. There is no data.

2. Costs of mastitis are connected to:

a. Losses (reduction of milk yield in this lactation, reduction in life time milk production, milk discarded, penalties incurred and loss of premiums implemented by the milk buyer, deaths and culls) and or expenses (treatments, teat dips, vet costs, extended labour costs, replacement stock, etc.).

b. Losses (reduced milk yield in this lactation, milk discarded, penalties incurred and loss of premiums implemented by the milk buyer, culls) and or expenses (treatments, teat dips, vet costs, extended labour costs).

c. Losses (reduced milk yield in this lactation, reduction in life time milk production, penalties incurred and loss of premiums implemented by the milk seller) and or expenses (treatments, teat dips, extended labour costs).

d. All of the above are correct.

e. None of the above are correct.

Clear selection

3. Patterns and their messages. What is one looking for and how does this impact the daily practices on farm?

a. One looks for standard deviations (clusters or extreme outlying data) form the industry standards (benchmarking) while looking at different forms/sources of data and this should result in constructive communication that result in corrective and innovative actions being implemented.

b. Patterns are not only seen in data, but are also seen in routines (behaviours, actions, staff, etc.) and the observations (deviations from the rules or expectations) will highlight problems and result in the retraining or disciplining actions being implemented.

c. Both a and b are correct.

d. One looks at individual diseased cows as this is the only way to treat mastitis (culture bacteria for individual treatments and this correlates to the One Health approach to reducing the use of antibiotics).

e. None of the above are correct.

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4. Comparison of antibiotics and the effects (positive) when used with other preventative tools (mastitis vaccines, complete teat preparation, etc.) can only be evaluated through data. What factors influence the data?

a. Type (minimum data), quality (subjective and objective), frequency and method of interpretation (statistical, analytical and comprehensive).

b. Type, quality (observation and factual), frequency and method of interpretation (gut feel).

c. Type (no data), quality (perspective and perceptions), frequency and method of interpretation (statistical, analytical and comprehensive).

d. All of the above are correct

e. None of the above are correct.

Clear selection

5. Benchmarking is a good means to communicate data, progression and implement decision making because it compares data in different formats, uses goals and compares similar data. Why would this type of data need to involve the veterinarian?

a. The veterinarian should ensure that practical, efficient and effective tools are used to better the herd while maintaining an objective mind set in problem solving and ensuring effective communication between all parties involved.

b. It should not involve the veterinarian as their function is purely ambulatory and supplying medical treatments or drugs.

c. Veterinarians are often used as a source of information and benchmarking does not use or need the veterinarian to collect the data neither does it require the veterinarian to interpret the data.

d. All of the above are correct.

e. None of the above are correct.

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6. The reduction in the use of antibiotics is a global trend at the moment with the responsibility falling at the feet of the veterinarians. What is important to ensure that this is possible?

a. Implement good management standards and practices that are easily monitored and evaluated to allow for adjustments and corrections. This will allow for optimum udder health reducing the usage of antibiotics.

b. Implement rules that must be followed at all times and mastitis won’t be a problem so antibiotic usage will be reduced. How to asses that antibiotics are being used correctly.

c. Use other prevention tools (teat sealants or vaccines) to overcome bad management.

d. Non-of the above are correct.

e. Veterinarians are not to blame for antibiotic resistance.

Clear selection

7. The correct use of antibiotics is a confusing statement as it is all based on knowing what you are using it for. What are we missing when it comes to the selection of the antibiotics for the treatment or prevention of mastitis in our herds (future stock, dry cows, in lactation cows and high producers)?

a. Data

b. Diagnostics

c. Other preventative tools

d. Both a, b and c are correct.

e. All of the above answers are incorrect.

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8. How do you communicate udder health to a farmer?

a. Through regular discussions using images (graphs/pictures/diagrams from relevant farm data) that give a simple clear message. Use motivating methods that are easy to be monitored (mastitis analysis tools) and implemented (benchmarking).

b. Use every bit of data on the farm, as well as lots of research.

c. Just use a more expensive antibiotic and teat dip combination to get the best effects. Money will speak for itself.

d. The sales reps and marketing managers from pharmaceutical and industry will provide the message while they promote their products by using tools like the cost calculators.

e. Both c and d are correct.

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9. Monitoring data can be negatively affected by what factors?

a. Incorrect interpretation, complicated and irrelevant data (Big data and time constrains), quality of data and frequency of collecting data.

b. Source of data and who is analysing the data.

c. Gut feel

d. All of the above are correct.

e. Non- of the above are correct.

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10. Is the statement “Even good farms have room to improve.” True or False?

a. True, there are only a set number of solutions but there are always points that need to readdressed, monitored and collecting/analysing the relevant data will show this and allow for optimisation and motivation.

b. False, there are only a set number of solutions and once you do everything you can not improve.

c. True, there are always new innovative methods to have better farming systems.

d. False, costs and efforts to do everything will not have a positive ROI.

e. False, both reasons for b and d are correct.

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