Aim: How do scientists use bacteria to produce human proteins?

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1. Which of the following represents the correct order of events required to get bacteria to produce human proteins? *

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1. Extract human DNA; insert into plasmid; cut with restriction enzymes; allow bacteria to multiply, add plasmid to bacteria.

2. Cut with restriction enzymes; insert into plasmid; add plasmid to bacteria; extract human DNA; allow bacteria to multiply.

3. Allow bacteria to multiply; cut with restriction enzymes; insert to plasmid; add plasmid to bacteria; extract human DNA.

4. Extract human DNA; cut with restriction enzymes; insert into plasmid; add plasmid to bacteria; allow bacteria to multiply.

2. Which of the following is incorrect concerning plasmids? *

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1. They naturally occur in bacteria

2. They can be removed from the bacteria

3. They naturally occur in eukaryotic cells

4. They can be replicated independently

3. A small ring of DNA found in a bacterial cell is called *

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1) gel electrophoresis

2) a plasmid

3) a nucleotide

4) an enzyme

4. Which process is illustrated in the below? *

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1) chromatography

(2) direct harvesting

(3) meiosis

(4) genetic engineering

5. The diagram below represents some steps in a procedure used in the field of biotechnology. *

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(1) the bacterial gene for insulin that can be inserted into humans

(2) human genes for enzymes that can be inserted into humans

(3) insulin that can be used by humans

(4) enzymes necessary to treat human diseases

6. The diagram below represents one technique used in biotechnology. *

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(1) molecular base

(2) carbohydrate

(3) specific enzyme

(4) hormone

7 Which situation results in a characteristic that is inheritable? *

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(1) A limb is lost when two marine organisms fight.

(2) A puppy learns to beg for food by watching an older dog perform tricks.

(3) A gene is inserted into a bacterium, allowing the organism to produce insulin.

(4) A random mutation causes the immediate death of a microbe.

8. Using special enzymes, scientists have successfully removed the gene that controls the production of interferon and have inserted this gene into the DNA of certain bacteria. These bacteria can now produce interferon. This technique is known as *

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(1) amniocentesis

(2) differentiation

(3) genetic engineering

(4) karyotyping

9. Following fertilization, a zygote divides and soon becomes a multi-celled embryo with many different cell types, as represented below. *

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(1) Specialization occurs, resulting in the formation of a great variety of cell types.

(2) Genes are inserted into the zygote to allow for the formation of different cell types.

(3) The expression of genes responsible for the different cell types is controlled by the placenta.

(4) The genetic information in the zygote is divided to produce a complete set for each cell type.

10. A certain bacterial colony originated from the division of a single bacterial cell. Each cell in this colony will most likely *

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1) express adaptations unlike those of the other cell.

2) replicate different numbers of genes.

3) have a resistance to different antibiotics

4) synthesize the same proteins and enzymes.

11. If a gene is inserted into the DNA of a bacterial cell, every cell produced by that cell will have *

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1) DNA that is different from that of the other cells produced.

2) a 50% chance of having a copy of the inserted gene.

3) a copy of the inserted gene.

4) a new type of DNA base

12. The diagram below represents a genetic procedure. *

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Bacterial cells will destroy defective human genetic material.

Bacterial cells may form a multicellular embryo.

The inserted human DNA will change harmful bacteria to harmless ones.

The inserted human DNA may direct the synthesis of human proteins.

13. Plants in species A cannot fight most fungal infections. Plants in species B make a protein that kills many fungi. One possible way for humans to produce species A plants with the ability to synthesize this protein would be to *

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(1) mutate fungal DNA and introduce the mutated DNA into species B using a virus

(2) add DNA from species B into the soil around species A

(3) insert the gene for the protein from species B into a chromosome in species A

(4) cross species A and a fungus to stimulate the synthesis of this protein

14. Some goats have been genetically modified with a human gene that codes for a blood anticlotting factor. The anticlotting factor can then be extracted from the goat milk and used during surgery. To produce these genetically modified goats, scientists most likely *

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(1) injected the anticlotting factor into the milk- producing glands of the animals

(2) added modified DNA into the milk of the animals

(3) inserted the human gene into the egg cells of goats

(4) altered the nutritional requirements of newborn goats

15. Which statement best describes the result of some of the processes involved in genetic engineering? *

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(1) They alter the arrangement of hereditary material.

(2) They provide energy for mitosis and meiosis.

(3) They are necessary for normal gamete formation.

(4) They reduce variation in organisms that reproduce asexually.

16. The headline “Improved Soybeans Produce Healthier Vegetable Oils” accompanies an article describing how a biotechnology company controls the types of lipids (fats) present in soybeans. The improved soybeans are most likely being developed by the process of *

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(1) natural selection

(2) asexual reproduction

(3) Genetic engineering

(4) habitat modification

17. A product of Genetic engineering technology is represented below. *

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(1) a specific carbohydrate

(2) a specific enzyme

(3) hormones

(4) antibodies

18. A biotechnology firm has produced tobacco plants that synthesize human antibodies that prevent bacterial diseases. One of the first steps in the production of these plants required *

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(1) using natural selection to increase the survival of antibody-producing tobacco plants

(2) inserting human DNA segments into the cells of tobacco plants

(3) using selective breeding to increase the number of antibody genes in tobacco plants

(4) growing tobacco plants in soil containing a specific fertilizer

19. What is the building block of a bacteria plasmid and what is a hybrid plasmid? *

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20. Enzymes are used in moving sections of DNA that code for insulin from the pancreas cells of humans into a certain type of bacterial cell. What will this bacterial cell's offspring be able to produce? *

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(1) human insulin

(2) antibodies against insulin

(3) enzymes that digest insulin

(4) a new type of insulin

21. One disadvantage of a genetic mutation in a human skin cell is that it *

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(1) may result in the production of a defective protein

(2) may alter the sequence of simple sugars in insulin molecules

(3) can lead to a lower mutation rate in the off-spring of the human

(4) can alter the rate of all the metabolic processes in the human

22. Base your answer on the chart below and on your knowledge of biology. The chart gives information about four patients (A-D) and either their malfunctions or symptoms. *

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(1) Sugar

(2) selective breeding

(3) protein synthesis

(4)insulin

23. Frequent injections of insulin are often required in order to treat the disorder known as diabetes. insulin can now be produced in the laboratory through the use of *

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(1) vegetative propagation

(2) artificial selection

(3) sexual reproduction

(4) recombinant DNA

24. The graph below shows the concentration of sugar (glucose) in the blood of a human over a 24-hour period after an injection of insulin. *

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(1) Blood sugar concentration rises after the body uses up the injected insulin.

(2) insulin raises blood sugar concentration in the liver.

(3) Blood sugar concentration remained constant in the blood throughout the 24-hour period.

(4) insulin lowers blood sugar concentration in the muscle cells.

25. In the past, diabetics used horse or cow insulin to control their glucose levels. Today, as a result of genetic engineering, human insulin can be synthesized by bacteria. State one advantage for a person with diabetes to receive genetically engineered insulin rather than insulin taken from a horse or cow. *

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