YÖKDİL FEN DENEME SINAVI

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SORULARIN TAMAMI ÖSYM’NİN DAHA ÖNCEKİ YILLARDA YAPTIĞI SINAVLARDAN ALINMIŞTIR.

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1) This magazine is designed to help satellite equipment buyers make more ___________ purchasing decisions and keep ahead of new developments.

representative

obscure

foreseen

informed

indifferent

Clear selection

2) I couldn’t follow the section on quantum computers, but the rest is ___________ easy to understand.

comparatively

permanently

consequently

sensibly

comprehensibly

Clear selection

3) The cells of all living organisms have the ___________ to harvest energy from the breakdown of organic fuel molecules.

amount

clarity

performance

reliance

ability

Clear selection

4) Scientists suggest that huge amounts of greenhouse gases will be ___________ into the atmosphere if rising temperatures cause the atmosphere permafrost to melt.

produced

accelerated

disrupted

released

joined

Clear selection

5) A great many so-called useful gadgets sound great in theory but ___________ in practice, don’t you agree?

make do

pull down

turn over

fall short

keep up

Clear selection

6) The United States government is about to start monitoring the air ___________ major cities for biological weapons ___________ looking for bacteria and viruses in the air filters that now monitor pollution.

of / on

at / towards

out of / with

in / by

from / through

Clear selection

7) The history of science ___________ by a chain of advances in technology and knowledge that ___________ each other.

had been marked / are always complementing

has been marked / always complemented

is marked / have always complemented

is being marked / would always complement

will have been marked / had always complemented

Clear selection

8) A theory ___________ only when a hypothesis ___________ by consistent results from many observations or experiments.

may have been developed / was being supported

can be developed / has been supported

will be developed / was supported

has been developed / had been supported

had been developed / might have been supported

Clear selection

9) The first laser ___________ in 1960 by Maiman almost half a century after the publication in 1916 of Einstein’s theory of radiation which ___________ the possibility of laser operation.

has been demonstrated / had shown

had been demonstrated / showed

was demonstrated / showed

demonstrates / was shown

was being demonstrated / shows

Clear selection

10) If the discovery ___________, it ___________ speculation that the Galaxy is teeming with life.

had been confirmed / would fuel

will be confirmed / will have fuelled

is confirmed / will fuel

has been confirmed / has fuelled

was confirmed / would have fueled

Clear selection

11) For a domestic staircase, an additional form of support ___________ a “carriage”, that is a beam under the centre of the stairs, is not usually necessary.

in case of

so that

such as

according to

either

Clear selection

12) ___________ the span of a suspension bridge increases, the structure develops a “gravity” stiffness due to its own weight.

However

Whereas

While

In case

Clear selection

13) Traffic congestion is frequently not caused by overloading ___________ by small disturbances in the flow.

but

as well as

than

Clear selection

14) Many of the most important developments in absolute dating ___________ World War II have come from the use of “radioactive clocks”.

since

during

until

before

up to

Clear selection

15) It was not long ___________ the design deficiencies of the room became apparent.

as if

before

until

wherever

unless

Clear selection

16) A robot is ___________ machine that can make decisions independent of human control.

either

some

such

both

any

Clear selection

17) Laser beams, ___________ are useful in both medicine and industry, were first predicted in science fiction some fifty years ago.

which

what

whatever

where

whose

Clear selection

18) The interiors of planets are totally inaccessible, ___________ what we know about them comes from indirect measurements and analysis.

whereas

even though

since

so as

Clear selection

19) Silicon-on-insulator technology, which has helped improve chip performance considerably, has become cheaper and easier to adopt, ___________ a technology called Smart Cut.

apart from

as regards

according to

thanks to

with respect to

Clear selection

20) ___________ the car is equipped with a sophisticated protection system, you know you are fully protected.

Until

Even if

Although

Since

Clear selection

21.) Small planes should be safe enough for normal, non-risk-taking people to trust their lives to them. NASA wants (21) ___________ the accident rate by 90 per cent within twenty-five years. The planes should become fast enough for their effective speed to be at least three times (22) ___________ great as that of cars on the highway. The existing small-plane fleet averages 150 knots; that should be raised to 300 knots within a decade, and eventually to 450 knots, (23) ___________ small planes could compete with the jetliners’ speed. The planes should be more efficient and environmentally safer, using less fuel, creating less pollution, and generating less noise. They should be more (24) ___________ in their operations and far simpler to fly, much like cars that vary little from one rental site to another. And they should be radically more reliable and cheaper to maintain – following the example of automobiles, with their quality revolution (25) ___________ the 1980s and 1990s.

to have reduced

reducing

having reduced

to reduce

to have been reducing

Clear selection

22.) Small planes should be safe enough for normal, non-risk-taking people to trust their lives to them. NASA wants (21) ___________ the accident rate by 90 per cent within twenty-five years. The planes should become fast enough for their effective speed to be at least three times (22) ___________ great as that of cars on the highway. The existing small-plane fleet averages 150 knots; that should be raised to 300 knots within a decade, and eventually to 450 knots, (23) ___________ small planes could compete with the jetliners’ speed. The planes should be more efficient and environmentally safer, using less fuel, creating less pollution, and generating less noise. They should be more (24) ___________ in their operations and far simpler to fly, much like cars that vary little from one rental site to another. And they should be radically more reliable and cheaper to maintain – following the example of automobiles, with their quality revolution (25) ___________ the 1980s and 1990s.

such

much

Clear selection

23.) Small planes should be safe enough for normal, non-risk-taking people to trust their lives to them. NASA wants (21) ___________ the accident rate by 90 per cent within twenty-five years. The planes should become fast enough for their effective speed to be at least three times (22) ___________ great as that of cars on the highway. The existing small-plane fleet averages 150 knots; that should be raised to 300 knots within a decade, and eventually to 450 knots, (23) ___________ small planes could compete with the jetliners’ speed. The planes should be more efficient and environmentally safer, using less fuel, creating less pollution, and generating less noise. They should be more (24) ___________ in their operations and far simpler to fly, much like cars that vary little from one rental site to another. And they should be radically more reliable and cheaper to maintain – following the example of automobiles, with their quality revolution (25) ___________ the 1980s and 1990s.

if only

in that

so that

by which

as if

Clear selection

24.) Small planes should be safe enough for normal, non-risk-taking people to trust their lives to them. NASA wants (21) ___________ the accident rate by 90 per cent within twenty-five years. The planes should become fast enough for their effective speed to be at least three times (22) ___________ great as that of cars on the highway. The existing small-plane fleet averages 150 knots; that should be raised to 300 knots within a decade, and eventually to 450 knots, (23) ___________ small planes could compete with the jetliners’ speed. The planes should be more efficient and environmentally safer, using less fuel, creating less pollution, and generating less noise. They should be more (24) ___________ in their operations and far simpler to fly, much like cars that vary little from one rental site to another. And they should be radically more reliable and cheaper to maintain – following the example of automobiles, with their quality revolution (25) ___________ the 1980s and 1990s.

tentative

consistent

deliberate

reluctant

recurrent

Clear selection

25.) Small planes should be safe enough for normal, non-risk-taking people to trust their lives to them. NASA wants (21) ___________ the accident rate by 90 per cent within twenty-five years. The planes should become fast enough for their effective speed to be at least three times (22) ___________ great as that of cars on the highway. The existing small-plane fleet averages 150 knots; that should be raised to 300 knots within a decade, and eventually to 450 knots, (23) ___________ small planes could compete with the jetliners’ speed. The planes should be more efficient and environmentally safer, using less fuel, creating less pollution, and generating less noise. They should be more (24) ___________ in their operations and far simpler to fly, much like cars that vary little from one rental site to another. And they should be radically more reliable and cheaper to maintain – following the example of automobiles, with their quality revolution (25) ___________ the 1980s and 1990s.

for

about

with

Clear selection

26.) Air pollution is one of the major challenges that most major cities face. The task of cleaning up air pollution, (26) ___________ difficult, is not believed to be insurmountable. Use of fuels that are low in pollutants, such as low-sulphur forms of petroleum; more complete burning of fossil fuels, often in (27) ___________ with a recycling of the pollutants; and the shift to less polluting forms of power generation, such as solar energy (28) ___________ place of fossil fuels – all are methods that can be used for controlling pollution. Over the past few decades, the example of London as well as of some other cities (29) ___________ that 10 years or less is enough to control this problem to a certain extent. In fact, this period is (30) ___________ enough to achieve major improvements in air quality.

though

as if

unless

whether

in case

Clear selection

27.) Air pollution is one of the major challenges that most major cities face. The task of cleaning up air pollution, (26) ___________ difficult, is not believed to be insurmountable. Use of fuels that are low in pollutants, such as low-sulphur forms of petroleum; more complete burning of fossil fuels, often in (27) ___________ with a recycling of the pollutants; and the shift to less polluting forms of power generation, such as solar energy (28) ___________ place of fossil fuels – all are methods that can be used for controlling pollution. Over the past few decades, the example of London as well as of some other cities (29) ___________ that 10 years or less is enough to control this problem to a certain extent. In fact, this period is (30) ___________ enough to achieve major improvements in air quality.

discrimination

combination

purification

authorization

utilization

Clear selection

28.) Air pollution is one of the major challenges that most major cities face. The task of cleaning up air pollution, (26) ___________ difficult, is not believed to be insurmountable. Use of fuels that are low in pollutants, such as low-sulphur forms of petroleum; more complete burning of fossil fuels, often in (27) ___________ with a recycling of the pollutants; and the shift to less polluting forms of power generation, such as solar energy (28) ___________ place of fossil fuels – all are methods that can be used for controlling pollution. Over the past few decades, the example of London as well as of some other cities (29) ___________ that 10 years or less is enough to control this problem to a certain extent. In fact, this period is (30) ___________ enough to achieve major improvements in air quality.

over

for

Clear selection

29.) Air pollution is one of the major challenges that most major cities face. The task of cleaning up air pollution, (26) ___________ difficult, is not believed to be insurmountable. Use of fuels that are low in pollutants, such as low-sulphur forms of petroleum; more complete burning of fossil fuels, often in (27) ___________ with a recycling of the pollutants; and the shift to less polluting forms of power generation, such as solar energy (28) ___________ place of fossil fuels – all are methods that can be used for controlling pollution. Over the past few decades, the example of London as well as of some other cities (29) ___________ that 10 years or less is enough to control this problem to a certain extent. In fact, this period is (30) ___________ enough to achieve major improvements in air quality.

had shown

would have shown

will have shown

has shown

was showing

Clear selection

30.) Air pollution is one of the major challenges that most major cities face. The task of cleaning up air pollution, (26) ___________ difficult, is not believed to be insurmountable. Use of fuels that are low in pollutants, such as low-sulphur forms of petroleum; more complete burning of fossil fuels, often in (27) ___________ with a recycling of the pollutants; and the shift to less polluting forms of power generation, such as solar energy (28) ___________ place of fossil fuels – all are methods that can be used for controlling pollution. Over the past few decades, the example of London as well as of some other cities (29) ___________ that 10 years or less is enough to control this problem to a certain extent. In fact, this period is (30) ___________ enough to achieve major improvements in air quality.

nor

either

as well as

neither

also

Clear selection

31) The north of China, ___________, needs 28 cubic kilometers more water each year.

so long as the Three Gorges dam project is feasible

however the water table beneath Beijing has fallen 59 metres in the past 40 years

as the country is suffering a hydrological crisis that leaves it no choice but to embark on super dam projects

in case the shortfall would be made up with more efficient irrigation

which has two-thirds of the crop land but only one-fifth of the nation’s water

Clear selection

32) Why didn’t you remind him ___________?

not to have overlooked the possibility of a breakdown in the electric circuit

having stabilized the pressure to a reasonable extent

to check the temperature of the solution at regular intervals

the printer will be checked for compatibility with the microcomputer

to have got rid of all the outdated equipment

Clear selection

33) If roof insulation is to be truly effective ___________.

this would not make cavity-wall insulation unnecessary

heating bills are being reduced dramatically

insulation materials and levels are constantly improving

it needs to be at least 200 mm-thick

the reduction in energy consumption has been remarkable

Clear selection

34) Just as railway bridges were the great structural symbols of the 19th century, ___________.

highway bridges became the engineering emblems of the 20th century

the invention of the automobile created an irresistible demand for better roads

most highway bridges carry lighter loads than railway bridges do

the type of bridge needed for cars and trucks is fundamentally different from that needed for trains

an arch bridge curves upwards to support the roadway

Clear selection

35) Since we cannot eliminate natural hazards such as earthquakes, ___________.

we should certainly make ourselves better prepared to deal with them

some companies would claim to have found tailored solutions to them

such a natural catastrophe was quite unexpected

it is rarely covered by an insurance policy

on this occasion financial losses were enormous

Clear selection

36) By the early 1960s, geologists were discovering ___________.

according to which theory the continents of the Earth had once all been joined together

since continental drift actually meant the continents were moving further away from each other

that hot molten rock was seeping up from inside the Earth in giant cracks under the oceans

so that continental drift is now regarded as absolute fact

if the shapes of South America and Africa do indeed fit like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle

Clear selection

37) In science, great thinkers produce mathematical formulas to explain ___________.

why a significant number of mathematicians do not agree

since their formulas have grown increasingly complicated

whether a new scientific renaissance was in the making

although this has always been explained in a very matter-of-fact manner

how things like the pull of gravity work

Clear selection

38) ___________ so that it can get close to hostile forces without being detected.

The precision navigation systems are what impressed most of us

Ideally the periscope would have been eliminated

The new-style submarine has been specifically designed

This is just one of a number of smaller, smarter, stealthier submarines

Previously submarines were not expected to work in shallow, coastal waters

Clear selection

39) The “giant squid” may need to change its name ___________.

that the nickname for the new specimen is the “colossal squid”

since a bigger and meaner relative has been discovered near Antarctica

if it has hooks at the ends of its tentacles

so it could maul sperm whales

though it had grown to a length of 4 metres

Clear selection

40) Although NASA’s budget has risen by 7% over the past two years, ___________.

its responsibilities have grown much faster

the space station programmes are not targets for cutting costs

the programme of unmanned missions could have been discontinued

Earth-observing satellites are of less importance

in fact, the Voyager probes may be cancelled

Clear selection

41) Alternative agriculture has some apparent disadvantages, ___________.

so that most farmers have little or no control over what products they produce

just as the increasing uniformity of global eating habits had become popular

because they were being replaced by huge corporation-owned farms

while, as is the case with plant crops, herds of livestock damage land

but there are real advantages to offset them

Clear selection

42) Some ecologists believe that species diversity will not be reduced significantly as the natural environment becomes permanently impoverished.

Doğal çevre tamamen fakirleşmiş olduğu için, bazı çevrebilimciler, tür çeşitliliğinin hiçbir zaman düzelemeyeceğine inanmaktadırlar.

Tür çeşitliliğinin hiçbir zaman azalmayacağına inanan bazı çevrebilimciler, doğal çevrenin tamamen fakirleştiğini ileri sürmektedirler.

Bazı çevrebilimciler, doğal çevre kalıcı olarak fakirleşirken, tür çeşitliliğinin önemli ölçüde azalmayacağına inanmaktadırlar.

Bazı çevrebilimcilerinin inandığı gibi, tür çeşitliliği hiçbir zaman eski durumuna gelemeyecek, çünkü doğal çevre sürekli bir şekilde yıkıma uğramaktadır.

Doğal çevrenin tamamen fakirleştiğini ileri süren bazı çevrebilimciler, tür çeşitliliğinin hiçbir zaman artmayacağına inanmaktadırlar.

Clear selection

43) With a population of roughly 10 billion people in 2050, some experts predict that the world will need five times more power than we generate today.

Bazı uzmanlara göre, bugün ürettiğimizden beş kat daha fazla elektriğe gereksinim duyacak olan dünyamızın 2050’deki tahmin edilen nüfusu 10 milyardır.

Dünya nüfusunun 2050’de 10 milyar olacağını düşünen bazı uzmanlar, bugün üretilenden beş kat fazla elektriğe gereksinim duyulacağını tahmin etmektedir.

Bazı uzmanlara göre, 2050’de dünya nüfusu 10 milyar olacak, fakat elektrik gereksinimi artarak bugün ürettiğimizin beş katına çıkacaktır.

Bazı uzmanların öngördüğü gibi, 2050’de dünya nüfusu 10 milyara çıkmakla kalmayacak, elektrik gereksinimi de bugünkünün beş katına çıkacaktır.

Bazı uzmanlar, 2050’de yaklaşık 10 milyar nüfusu ile dünyanın, bugün ürettiğimizden beş kat daha fazla elektriğe gereksinimi olacağını tahmin etmektedir.

Clear selection

44) Quaoar, which is a spherical object half the size of Pluto on the edge of the solar system, is thought to consist of ice mixed with rock like a comet.

Kuyruklu yıldızlar gibi, kayayla karışık buzdan oluştuğu sanılan Quaoar, güneş sisteminin kenarında, Plüton’un yarı büyüklüğünde küresel bir cisimdir.

Güneş sisteminin kenarında, Plüton’un yarı büyüklüğünde küresel bir cisim olan Quaoar’ın bir kuyruklu yıldız gibi, kayayla karışık buzdan oluştuğu düşünülmektedir.

Plüton’un yarısı kadar olan ve bazı kuyruklu yıldızlar gibi kaya ve buz karışımından oluştuğu düşünülen Quaoar, güneş sisteminin kenarındaki, küreye benzer cisimlerden biridir.

Kuyruklu yıldızlar gibi kayayla karışık buzdan oluşan Quaoar’ın, güneş sisteminde Plüton’un yarı büyüklüğündeki küresel cisimlerden biri olduğu sanılmaktadır.

Bir kuyruklu yıldız gibi buz ve kaya karışımından oluştuğu sanılan Quaoar’ın güneş sisteminin kenarında, Plüton’un yarı büyüklüğünde küresel bir cisim olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Clear selection

45) The findings of a ten-year study reveal that two species of seahorses have been living in the waters around Britain without anyone realizing they were there.

İngiltere’nin çevresindeki sularda daha önce onların orada yaşadığını kimsenin bilmediği iki tür denizatının olduğu on yıllık bir çalışmayla ortaya çıktı.

On yıllık bir çalışmanın bulguları İngiltere’nin çevresindeki sularda onların orada olduğunu hiç kimsenin fark etmediği iki tür denizatının yaşamakta olduğunu gösteriyor.

İngiltere’nin çevresindeki sularda iki tür denizatının yaşadığını ilk kez ortaya çıkaran on yıllık çalışma bu türlerin hiç fark edilmediğini belirtiyor.

On yıllık çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre İngiltere’nin çevresindeki sularda hiç kimsenin bilmediği iki tür denizatının yaşamakta olduğu bildiriliyor.

İki tür denizatı kimseye belli etmeden İngiltere’nin çevresindeki sularda yaşarken on yıllık bir çalışma onları ortaya çıkardı.

Clear selection

46) Meteorites provide the best available data about the chemical and physical processes that occurred during the first few million years of our solar system’s history.

Güneş sistemimizin tarihinde, ilk birkaç milyon yıl içinde ortaya çıkmış olan kimyasal ve fiziksel oluşumlara ilişkin elde edilebilen en iyi veriler göktaşlarında bulunmaktadır.

Güneş sistemimizin başlangıcındaki birkaç milyon içinde meydana gelmiş kimyasal ve fiziksel süreçlerle ilgili kullanılabilir verilerin en iyileri göktaşlarından elde edilmiştir.

Göktaşlarının sağladığı veriler, güneş sistemimizin tarihinin ilk birkaç milyon yıllık sürecindeki kimyasal ve fiziksel oluşumları anlayabilmemize en büyük katkıyı sağlamıştır.

Güneş sistemimizin ilk birkaç milyon yıllık tarihinde meydana gelen kimyasal ve fiziksel süreçlerle ilgili verilerin en güvenilir olanları göktaşlarından sağlanmıştır.

Göktaşları, güneş sistemimizin tarihinin ilk birkaç milyon yılında meydana gelmiş olan kimyasal ve fiziksel süreçler hakkında mevcut en iyi verileri sağlar.

Clear selection

47) According to some experts, rebuilding efforts commenced in southwestern China following the May 12 earthquake could damage the pandas’ largest remaining natural habitat.

Bazı uzmanlar, pandaların geriye kalan en geniş doğal yaşam alanının 12 Mayıs’ta güneybatı Çin’de meydana gelen depremin ardından başlayan yeniden inşa çalışmalarının sonucunda zarar görmesinden endişe duymaktadır.

Bazı uzmanlar, güneybatı Çin’de 12 Mayıs’ta meydana gelen depremin ardından başlatılan yeniden inşa çalışmalarının pandaların kalan en geniş doğal yaşam alanının zarar görmesine sebep olabileceğini düşünmektedir.

Güneybatı Çin’de 12 Mayıs depreminden bu yana sürdürülen yeniden inşa çalışmalarını gözlemleyen bazı uzmanlar, pandaların kalan en geniş doğal yaşam alanlarının bu yüzden zarar görmesinden endişe etmektedir.

Güneybatı Çin’i 12 Mayıs’ta vuran depremin ardından başlatılan yeniden inşa çalışmaları bazı uzmanlara göre, pandaların kalan en geniş doğal yaşam alanlarını yok edebilirdi.

Bazı uzmanlara göre, güneybatı Çin’de 12 Mayıs depreminin ardından başlatılan yeniden inşa çalışmaları pandaların geriye kalan en geniş doğal yaşam alanına zarar verebilir.

Clear selection

48) Birkaç ay önce Yeni Zelandalı bilim adamları, Antartika ozon tabakasındaki deliğin, ilk kez, Güney Şili’nin bir bölümünü kapladığını bildirdiler.

New Zealand scientists noticed, only a few months ago, that parts of southern Chile were once more affected by the hole in the Antarctic ozone layer.

Scientists in New Zealand realized a few months ago that a hole in the Antarctic ozone layer had, for the first time, spread over parts of southern Chile.

A few months ago scientists from New Zealand reported that the hole in the Antarctic ozone layer had, for the first time, stretched over a part of southern Chile.

According to scientists in New Zealand, the hole in the Antarctic ozone layer had, only a few months previously, stretched over parts of southern Chile.

New Zealand scientists discovered, only a few months ago, that the hole in the Antarctic ozone layer was affecting large parts of southern Chile.

Clear selection

49) Avrupa’nın bir uydu ağı olan Galileo sistemi, Avrupa Birliği’ne üye devletler ve Avrupa Uzay Kurumu tarafından finanse edilmekledir.

The Galileo system forms part of Europe’s network of satellites and is paid for by the member states of the European Union and the European Space Agency.

Europe’s network of satellites, still known as the Galileo system, is paid for by the member states of the European Union and the European Space Agency.

The Galileo system, which receives some financial support from the member states of the European Union and the European Space Agency, is a European network of satellites.

The European Union and the European Space Agency jointly finance Europe’s satellite network known as the Galileo system.

The Galileo system, which is a satellite network of Europe, is financed by the member states of the European Union and The European Space Agency.

Clear selection

50) Avustralya’da sismik olay kayıtları sadece 150 yıl geriye gittiğinden, daha önce neler olduğunu anlamak için günümüzde çeşitli yeni teknikler kullanılmaktadır.

Over the past 150 years, and particularly recently with the advent of so many new technologies, great efforts have been made to find out what seismic activity has created in Australia.

Since Australia has only been keeping records of seismic activity over the past 150 years, there is a need to use these new techniques to find out what happened before.

A variety of new techniques will help to establish what happened in Australia as regards seismic activity before records were kept which has only been during the last 150 years.

Records of seismic activity in Australia have only been kept for 150 years but various new technologies have established what happened before that time.

Since records of seismic activity in Australia only go back 150 years, a variety of new techniques are presently being used to find out what had happened before then.

Clear selection

51) Ateşin keşfinden sonra, insanlar, yüksek sıcaklıklara mâruz kalan belirli kayalar ve minerallerde değişiklikler fark etmeye başladılar.

Following the discovery of fire, people noticed that, under high temperatures, certain changes in rocks and minerals began.

After the discovery of fire, people began to notice changes in certain rocks and minerals exposed to high temperatures.

When fire was discovered, it was noticed that, because of high temperature, certain changes began to take place in rocks and minerals.

With the discovery of fire, man became aware of certain changes which began to take place in rocks and minerals due to high temperatures.

After fire was discovered, human beings became aware that, due to high temperatures, certain rocks and minerals began to change.

Clear selection

52) En eski çağlardan beri kullanılmalarına rağmen alaşımlar, modern teknolojide hâlâ vazgeçilmez bir yere sahiptir ve bilim adamları özel nitelikli yeni alaşımlar geliştirmeye devam etmektedir.

Although alloys have been used since the earliest times, they still have an indispensable place in modern technology, and scientists continue to develop new alloys with special properties.

Alloys have been in use ever since the earliest times and are still essential for modern technology, but scientists are hard at work to develop new alloys with special properties.

Although the use of alloys goes back to the earliest times, scientists still continue to develop new alloys with special properties, which have an indispensable place in modern technology.

Even though alloys were used in ancient times, it is in modern technology that they have been most indispensable and, therefore, scientists continue to work for the development of new alloys with special properties.

Alloys have continuously been in use since ancient times and are still of essential importance for modern technology despite the fact that scientists continue to develop new alloys with special properties.

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53) İki galaksinin çarpışması, evrenin kütlesine hükmettiği sanılan görünmez kara maddenin bugüne kadar elde edilen en iyi kanıtını sağlar.

Following the collision of two galaxies, there appears the best evidence so far known of the invisible dark matter which is believed to pervade the mass of the universe.

The collision of two galaxies provides the best evidence yet obtained of the invisible dark matter assumed to dominate the mass of the universe.

The only evidence so far of the invisible dark matter thought to penetrate the mass of the universe is provided by the collision of two galaxies.

It is from the collision of two galaxies that the best evidence yet of the invisible dark matter which is assumed to hold together the mass of the universe has been obtained.

The invisible dark matter which is thought to dominate the mass of the universe is best understood through the evidence provided by the collision of two galaxies.

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54) The object of the air traffic control officers is to achieve the highest densities in all parts of the controlled air space that is consistent with safety and the elimination of collision risks. ___________. The amounts of the separation are partly dependent upon the means available for determining accurately the position and course of the various aircraft.

For purposes of air traffic control, air space is divided and then subdivided

Military aviation originally held itself outside any air traffic control but for a long time now this has not been practicable

They, therefore, direct the captains of aircraft so as to maintain adequate vertical and horizontal separation between aircraft

As these are within controlled air space a pilot intending to fly along them must file a flight plan

The “flight progress strip” gives an indication of what is happening to any aircraft in the area

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55) There is very little similarity between the chemical composition of river water and that of sea water. The various elements are present in entirely different proportions. ___________. An important reason for the difference is that immense amounts of calcium salts are constantly being withdrawn from sea water by marine animals for the making of shells and skeletons.

The ocean is the earth’s greatest storehouse of minerals

The rivers bring in four times as much calcium as chloride, for example, yet in the ocean the proportions are reversed; there is 46 times as much chloride as calcium

Although the earth is constantly shifting her component materials from place to place, the heaviest movements are always from land to sea, not from sea to land

The annual flow of water seaward is believed to be about 6,500 cubic miles, and this inflow of river water gives the ocean several billion tons of salts

In a single cubic mile of sea water there are, on the average, 166 million tons of dissolved salts

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56) Smoke is a mixture of gases and particles. It is usually the product of a combustion process and, in this case, its composition depends on the fuel and the technology used. The main gas involved in smoke processes is carbon dioxide. ___________.

But other gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and sulphur dioxide might also be present

The warm air is higher than the cold air so there is little vertical turbulence to carry smoke upwards

Smoke rises because it is part of a stream of hot gases that are normally warmer than the surrounding air

The vertical and straight nature of the smoke plume depends very much on the wind conditions

Wood smoke is often seen in a layer above houses where it is burnt and sometimes it subsequently descends to street level

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57) Pouring water into the sea sounds like a harmless scheme. But as regards Florida Bay, it is proving highly controversial. ___________. If increased salinity is the main problem there, the bay’s ecology will benefit from the project. If, however, nitrogen is the problem, increasing the flow of fresh water could make matters worse.

This has had a damaging effect upon the animals that depend on the reef including nearly 600 species of fish

Moreover, economic problems are also at stake, not merely ecological ones

What is causing such an ecological change is a matter of much debate

This is because researchers are divided over whether it will help or hinder the plants and animals that live in the bay

But the bay’s once crystal-clear waters often resemble a dense fog

Clear selection

58) Cappadocia’s extraordinary landscape is partly the result of erosion by water, wind and changes in temperature. ___________. In winter, extreme temperature changes cause the rocks to expand and contract and eventually to disintegrate.

Volcanic activity in central Anatolia is a product of the region’s position

Around 30 million years ago, erupting volcanoes blanketed the region with ash

The region is famous for its bewitching natural formations

Over time, this tuff was worn away, creating distinctive formations

Rainfall and river wear down the tuff and, like the wind, carry away loose materials

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59) Antoine Lavoisier was one of the first chemists to try to explain what makes a substance acidic. In 1777, he proposed that oxygen was an essential element in acids. But in 1803, Humphry Davy showed that hydrogen chloride, which dissolves in water to give hydrochloric acid, contains only hydrogen and chlorine. ___________.

Acids react with active metals such as magnesium and zinc to release hydrogen

The Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius defined acids and bases in terms of the effect these substances have on water

Then chemists realized that hydrogen, not oxygen, must be the essential constituent of acids

Acids and bases were first recognized by simple properties such as taste

The stronger acids are those that lose their protons more easily

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60) (I) The simplest type of engine classification is doubtless by reference to the kind of fuel used. (II) Nevertheless, reciprocating engines may be divided more fundamentally into those running on the Otto cycle (spark ignition) and those running on Akroyd’s and Diesel’s cycles (compression ignition). (III) The former are usually used for small scale power generation. (IV) The latter, which burn heavy oil are of two types, slow speed for ships and high speed for motor vehicles. (V) Subsequently, improvements in engine design appeared at an amazing speed.

III

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61) (I) The terms velocity and speed are often used interchangeably in ordinary language. (II) But in physics we make a distinction between the two. (III) An aircraft travelling faster than the speed of sound breaks the sound barrier. (IV) Most importantly the term velocity is used to signify both the magnitude of movement and the direction in which an object is. (V) Speed, on the other hand, relates to magnitude only.

III

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62) (I) A series of birth defects among frogs in Canada caused great consternation. (II) Most of the defects concern the legs. (III) The deformity is indeed widespread and the cause has not as yet been identified. (IV) Some have extra legs, some legs that are webbed together and some with paralysed legs. (V) In some, missing eyes have also been noticed.

III

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63) (I) Wind power is gaining in favour all across Europe. (II) Indeed, it is only the building of a wind-farm that is expensive, running costs are low. (III) There are several reasons for this. (IV) One is that all the technical obstacles that previously existed have been overcome. (V) Another is the increase in efficiency, which means that wind can now compete directly with traditional power-generation methods.

III

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64) (I) The remotely operated vehicle (ROV), Jason II, resembles its predecessor, but nearly every component has been much improved. (II) To start with, it is bigger, so it can retrieve more material from the ocean floor. (III) Further, a second manipulator arm has been added which has increased maneuverability and power. (IV) Another advantage is the fact that it can function at greater depths. (V) Indeed, a lot of people feel that the costs of ROV technology are in excess of its usefulness.

III

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65) (I) It is convenient to use symbols for the atoms of the different elements. (II) An atomic symbol is a one or two letter notation used to represent an atom corresponding to a particular element. (III) Today we know that atoms are not truly indivisible. (IV) Typically, the atomic symbol consists of the first letter, capitalized, from the name of the element, sometimes with an additional letter from the name in lowercase. (V) For example, chlorine has the symbol Cl.

III

Clear selection

66) Just as railway bridges were the great structural symbols of the 19th century highway bridges became the engineering emblems of the 20th century. The invention of the automobile created an irresistible demand for paved roads and vehicular bridges throughout the developed world. The type of bridge needed for cars and trucks, however, is fundamentally different from that needed for locomotives. Most highway bridges carry lighter loads than railway bridges do, and their roadways can be sharply curved or steeply sloping. To meet these needs, many turn-of-the-century bridge designers began working with a new building material: reinforced concrete, which has steel bars embedded in it. And the master of this new material was Swiss structural engineer Robert Maillart, who designed some of the most original and influential bridges of the modern era.

66) According to the passage, one important way in which highway bridges differ from railway bridges is that they ___________.

are in constant use

can have quite a sharp incline

have to carry heavier loads

must be quite straight

are comparatively short

Clear selection

67) Just as railway bridges were the great structural symbols of the 19th century highway bridges became the engineering emblems of the 20th century. The invention of the automobile created an irresistible demand for paved roads and vehicular bridges throughout the developed world. The type of bridge needed for cars and trucks, however, is fundamentally different from that needed for locomotives. Most highway bridges carry lighter loads than railway bridges do, and their roadways can be sharply curved or steeply sloping. To meet these needs, many turn-of-the-century bridge designers began working with a new building material: reinforced concrete, which has steel bars embedded in it. And the master of this new material was Swiss structural engineer Robert Maillart, who designed some of the most original and influential bridges of the modern era.

67) We understand from the passage that, around the beginning of the 20th century, bridge designers ___________.

were equally involved in the building of roads

followed Robert Maillart’s lead and concentrated on highway bridges

made highway bridges on the same design as railway bridges

made some of the most spectacular bridges of the modern era

began to use a new building material, known as reinforced concrete

Clear selection

68) Just as railway bridges were the great structural symbols of the 19th century highway bridges became the engineering emblems of the 20th century. The invention of the automobile created an irresistible demand for paved roads and vehicular bridges throughout the developed world. The type of bridge needed for cars and trucks, however, is fundamentally different from that needed for locomotives. Most highway bridges carry lighter loads than railway bridges do, and their roadways can be sharply curved or steeply sloping. To meet these needs, many turn-of-the-century bridge designers began working with a new building material: reinforced concrete, which has steel bars embedded in it. And the master of this new material was Swiss structural engineer Robert Maillart, who designed some of the most original and influential bridges of the modern era.

68) We understand from the passage that there was a great demand for highway bridges in the 20th century ___________.

as more and more cars came into use

so many railway bridges were turned into highway bridges

even though the designing and building of them was uninteresting work

but railway bridges continued to attract the best designers

and structural engineers found they could not produce enough bridges

Clear selection

69) William Willcocks was born 150 years ago in a tent beside a canal in northern India, where his father worked for the colonial government. He learnt his engineering in India before heading for Egypt in 1883. There he rose to become director-general of reservoirs, and a legend on the banks of the Nile. He built the first Aswan dam, then the largest in the world, went on to revive the ancient irrigation systems of Mesopotamia, and watered deserts from South Africa to India. But he was deeply troubled by the discovery that much of what his fellow water engineers did in their colonial playgrounds was worse than useless.

69) We gather from the passage that William Willcocks ___________.

traveled all over India in search of fresh water resources

devoted his engineering skills to the improvement of agriculture in India alone

was inspired by his father in choosing engineering as a profession

came from a wealthy and influential English family in India

was an extremely talented irrigation specialist of the late 19th century

Clear selection

70) William Willcocks was born 150 years ago in a tent beside a canal in northern India, where his father worked for the colonial government. He learnt his engineering in India before heading for Egypt in 1883. There he rose to become director-general of reservoirs, and a legend on the banks of the Nile. He built the first Aswan dam, then the largest in the world, went on to revive the ancient irrigation systems of Mesopotamia, and watered deserts from South Africa to India. But he was deeply troubled by the discovery that much of what his fellow water engineers did in their colonial playgrounds was worse than useless.

70) It is clear from the passage that William Willcocks was upset ___________.

to find out that the ancient irrigation systems of

Mesopotamia were inadequate

when he realized the work of his fellow water engineers in the colonies was utterly ineffective

to discover that the water resources of South Africa were not sufficient to irrigate the desert

because the whole responsibility for the construction of the Aswan dam was on his shoulders

Clear selection

71) William Willcocks was born 150 years ago in a tent beside a canal in northern India, where his father worked for the colonial government. He learnt his engineering in India before heading for Egypt in 1883. There he rose to become director-general of reservoirs, and a legend on the banks of the Nile. He built the first Aswan dam, then the largest in the world, went on to revive the ancient irrigation systems of Mesopotamia, and watered deserts from South Africa to India. But he was deeply troubled by the discovery that much of what his fellow water engineers did in their colonial playgrounds was worse than useless.

71) As it is stated in the passage, Willcocks’s work in Egypt ___________.

brought about a rapid change in the economic life of the country

earned him fame, power and prestige

was of secondary importance compared with what he was to do in India

was confined to the construction of the Aswan dam

has always been underestimated

Clear selection

72) The Rhine-Ruhr area became the greatest industrial region of Germany, because it had at its heart the great coalfield of the Ruhr. Mining is now almost entirely northeast and westwards across the Rhine. The region contains the greater part of the German iron, steel and heavy engineering industries. The great integrated iron and steel plants mostly cluster on the Rhine waterway. Specialized steel plants and engineering works are more widespread. With a decline in coalmining and the dismantling after World War II of certain steel plants, some of the older Ruhr towns have diversified their industries considerably: vehicles, electrical goods and clothing are now being produced.

72) It is pointed out in the passage that, following World War II, ___________.

the increase in coal production gave a new impetus to the steel industry in the towns of the Ruhr area

new types of industry, such as textiles and car manufacturing, replaced the former steel industry in certain parts of the Ruhr area

the electrical industry throughout the Ruhr area of Germany became economically as important as the steel industry itself

the towns in the Ruhr area rapidly achieved a high level of prosperity through improvements in the steel industry

all the steel plants in the Ruhr area had to be closed down to avoid the pollution of the towns

Clear selection

73) The Rhine-Ruhr area became the greatest industrial region of Germany, because it had at its heart the great coalfield of the Ruhr. Mining is now almost entirely northeast and westwards across the Rhine. The region contains the greater part of the German iron, steel and heavy engineering industries. The great integrated iron and steel plants mostly cluster on the Rhine waterway. Specialized steel plants and engineering works are more widespread. With a decline in coalmining and the dismantling after World War II of certain steel plants, some of the older Ruhr towns have diversified their industries considerably: vehicles, electrical goods and clothing are now being produced.

73) It is clear from the passage that the immense coal deposits of the Ruhr ___________.

have had adverse effects upon the older towns of the area

have been almost completely used up by the iron and steel industry

turned the Rhine-Ruhr into Germany’s major industrial area

were once regarded as inexhaustible even in the face of such intense mining

have no equal anywhere else in Europe

Clear selection

74) The Rhine-Ruhr area became the greatest industrial region of Germany, because it had at its heart the great coalfield of the Ruhr. Mining is now almost entirely northeast and westwards across the Rhine. The region contains the greater part of the German iron, steel and heavy engineering industries. The great integrated iron and steel plants mostly cluster on the Rhine waterway. Specialized steel plants and engineering works are more widespread. With a decline in coalmining and the dismantling after World War II of certain steel plants, some of the older Ruhr towns have diversified their industries considerably: vehicles, electrical goods and clothing are now being produced.

74) The writer of the passage makes the point that the major part of the iron and steel industry of Germany ___________.

has basically remained unchanged during the last hundred years

has come into being since World War II

is the major source of the country’s prosperity

no longer depends on coal as its main source of power

is located on either side of the Rhine

Clear selection

75) The US company, “Scientific Applications and Research Associates” (SARA) Inc. has developed crowd-dispersal weapons for the US military that generate high-intensity sound waves. Sound levels of 120 to 130 decibels cause pain and blurred vision; above 140 decibels, sound produces profound discomfort throughout the body. Earplugs are no protection. These acoustic systems have a directed beam, projecting the sound in a narrow fan. They include high-intensity sound generators with power levels of up to 60 kilowatts and are combustion driven, using a series of small explosions to create a noise or drive a siren or whistle.

75) One important point made in the passage is that high decibel levels of sound ___________.

are only harmful when they are continuous

can only be resisted by means of earplugs

result in bodily pain and upset the eyesight

are something that people can gradually get used to

impair the nervous system permanently

Clear selection

76) The US company, “Scientific Applications and Research Associates” (SARA) Inc. has developed crowd-dispersal weapons for the US military that generate high-intensity sound waves. Sound levels of 120 to 130 decibels cause pain and blurred vision; above 140 decibels, sound produces profound discomfort throughout the body. Earplugs are no protection. These acoustic systems have a directed beam, projecting the sound in a narrow fan. They include high-intensity sound generators with power levels of up to 60 kilowatts and are combustion driven, using a series of small explosions to create a noise or drive a siren or whistle.

76) According to the passage, the acoustic systems developed by SARA ___________.

use high-intensity sound generators and are combustion driven

use sound levels which range from 120 to 140 decibels

did not meet the requirements of the US military

do not, unlike other similar systems, cause any permanent damage whatsoever

cannot be operated below a120 decibel sound level

Clear selection

77) The US company, “Scientific Applications and Research Associates” (SARA) Inc. has developed crowd-dispersal weapons for the US military that generate high-intensity sound waves. Sound levels of 120 to 130 decibels cause pain and blurred vision; above 140 decibels, sound produces profound discomfort throughout the body. Earplugs are no protection. These acoustic systems have a directed beam, projecting the sound in a narrow fan. They include high-intensity sound generators with power levels of up to 60 kilowatts and are combustion driven, using a series of small explosions to create a noise or drive a siren or whistle.

77) It is pointed out in the passage that the new acoustic systems developed for the US military ___________.

sometimes produce high-intensity vibrations that cause widespread damage to buildings

should only be used in cases of extreme emergency

can cause permanent damage to the eye

were primarily designed for use in wartime

were primarily designed to break up crowds

Clear selection

78) To engineers, design typically has less to do with aesthetics and appearance and more to do with fabrication and performance. Engineers tend to focus on the structure behind the façade. They worry about how the building will be built, how it will stand, whether it will sway too much in the wind, whether it will survive an earthquake, whether it will crack or leak. Engineers designing the structural frame of hotel buildings take into account the strength and stiffness of ballroom floors, where large crowds will gather and rhythmic dancing will occur. Engineers are expected to think about how a building will be heated and cooled, how air will circulate among its spaces, how energy efficient it will be. In the ideal world, the design efforts of architects and engineers complement each other, resulting in a building that is both a joy to look at and a pleasure to use. But all too often in practice, things do not work out like that, and the users of the building pay the price. In most buildings, the work of the architect masks, cloaks and hides the work of the engineer. Engineering criticism is almost unheard of in public discussions of building design, although it does sometimes come to the fore when buildings fall down, as in the case of the collapse of the World Trade Center towers.

78) One point made in the passage is that in the perfect building ___________.

expense cannot be taken into consideration

the appearance is more important than either fabrication or performance

the architectural design enriches the engineering design and vice versa

such functional aspects as cooling and cleaning are of primary importance

the design makes allowance for all possible uses and abuses

Clear selection

79) To engineers, design typically has less to do with aesthetics and appearance and more to do with fabrication and performance. Engineers tend to focus on the structure behind the façade. They worry about how the building will be built, how it will stand, whether it will sway too much in the wind, whether it will survive an earthquake, whether it will crack or leak. Engineers designing the structural frame of hotel buildings take into account the strength and stiffness of ballroom floors, where large crowds will gather and rhythmic dancing will occur. Engineers are expected to think about how a building will be heated and cooled, how air will circulate among its spaces, how energy efficient it will be. In the ideal world, the design efforts of architects and engineers complement each other, resulting in a building that is both a joy to look at and a pleasure to use. But all too often in practice, things do not work out like that, and the users of the building pay the price. In most buildings, the work of the architect masks, cloaks and hides the work of the engineer. Engineering criticism is almost unheard of in public discussions of building design, although it does sometimes come to the fore when buildings fall down, as in the case of the collapse of the World Trade Center towers.

79) It is clear from the passage that the architectural design of a building ___________.

is its least important aspect

is confined to the façade

is largely concerned with the way the building will be used and by whom

serves to correct the too functional engineering design

normally receives far more attention than does the engineering design

Clear selection

80) To engineers, design typically has less to do with aesthetics and appearance and more to do with fabrication and performance. Engineers tend to focus on the structure behind the façade. They worry about how the building will be built, how it will stand, whether it will sway too much in the wind, whether it will survive an earthquake, whether it will crack or leak. Engineers designing the structural frame of hotel buildings take into account the strength and stiffness of ballroom floors, where large crowds will gather and rhythmic dancing will occur. Engineers are expected to think about how a building will be heated and cooled, how air will circulate among its spaces, how energy efficient it will be. In the ideal world, the design efforts of architects and engineers complement each other, resulting in a building that is both a joy to look at and a pleasure to use. But all too often in practice, things do not work out like that, and the users of the building pay the price. In most buildings, the work of the architect masks, cloaks and hides the work of the engineer. Engineering criticism is almost unheard of in public discussions of building design, although it does sometimes come to the fore when buildings fall down, as in the case of the collapse of the World Trade Center towers.

80) It is clear from the passage that, when engineers design a building, they ___________.

take into consideration what it will be used for

make sure that the site is suitable

completely ignore aesthetic aspects

aim to make it multi-functional

are very much limited by the amount of money that is allocated

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