Key Enquiry Question 2 - Coastal Management

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Multiple Choice Quiz 3 Human activities and Coastal Management

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Which of these examples are pressures humans place on the coast? *

1 point

development, agriculture, industry, and coastal management

erosion, transportation, deposition, and weathering

highways, housing, retail and communications

constructive, destructive, concordant, and discordant

Rising sea levels are caused by... *

1 point

more storms and longer fetches

more rainfall and drought

thermal expansion and melting ice sheets

thermohaline circulation and loss of the ozone layer

In Bangladesh, if sea levels rose by 1 meter, how much of the country might be flooded? *

1 point

15%

50%

75%

What happens to cause a storm surge? *

1 point

Air pressure rises to very high levels and the sea level lowers 10mm for every 1 millibar rise in air pressure.

Air pressure falls to very low levels and the sea level rises 10mm for every 1 millibar drop in air pressure.

What are the risks from future sea level rise? *

1 point

1 in 50-year events could be 1 in 20-year events by 2050.

Future flooding could become a problem in southern and eastern parts of the UK.

Beaches, spits, and river deltas may be eroded faster, and become submerged.

All of the above

Name two sub-aerial processes. *

1 point

erosion and transportation

deposition and erosion

attrition and abrasion

weathering and mass movement

What is mass movement? *

1 point

the force which resists the movement of one surface over another.

the wearing away of particles of debris by the action of other particles, such as river or beach pebbles.

the movement of materials downslope, such as rock falls, landslides or cliff collapse.

the wearing away of the landscape.

Name examples of impacts of erosion on people.

1 point

hazard to people on the cliff top and on the beach from rapid cliff collapse

loss of homes and house values fall

roads and other infrastructure can be destroyed

All of the above

Clear selection

Hard engineering techniques...

1 point

use concrete and steel structures, such as sea walls, to stop waves.

use smaller structures, often built from natural materials, to reduce wave energy.

are less expensive.

try to limit erosion by stabilising beaches and cliffs.

Clear selection

What is terminal groyne syndrome?

1 point

When a decision to use a coastal management method is dependent on the cost-benefit analysis.

When groynes trap sediment in one place, it stops the sediment from reaching another place, which causes more rapid rates of erosion further down the coast as they are starved of sediment.

When a sea wall dissipates the energy of a wave, leading to less erosion along a coastline.

None of the above.

Clear selection

What does holistic coastal management mean?

1 point

It means gradually letting the coast erode and moving people and businesses away from areas at risk.

It means using sea defenses to stop erosion, and so the coast stays where it is today.

It means looking at the coastline as a whole instead of just one area.

It means using sea defenses to move the coast further into the sea.

Clear selection

What are examples of hard engineering techniques?

1 point

beach nourishment, dune regeneration, salt marshes, mangrove swamps (tropical climates)

sea wall, rip-rap (rock armour), gabions, off-shore breakwater, groynes

advance the line, hold the line, managed retreat, do nothing

coastal zoning, shoreline management plans, integrated coastal zone management

Clear selection

What are examples of soft engineering techniques?

1 point

sea walls, rip-rap, gabions, off-shore breakwater, groynes

beach nourisment, dune regeneration, salt marsh restoration, mangrove swamp restoration

advance the line, hold the line, managed retreat, do nothing

coastal zoning, shoreline management plans, integrated coastal zone management

Clear selection

What is the correct definition of 'dissipate'?

1 point

The movement of materials downslope, such as rock falls, landslides or cliff collapse.

A method which prevents one place building groynes if they then cause more erosion downdrift.

To reduce wave energy, which is absorbed as waves pass through, or over sea defences.

To use sea defences to move the coast further into the sea. This is very expensive.

Clear selection

What does holistic management take into account?

1 point

The needs of different groups of people.

The economic costs and benefits of different strategies today, and in the future.

The environment, both on the land and in the sea.

All of the above

Clear selection

What is a shoreline management plan (SMP)?

1 point

When hard defences have been abandoned because they are too expensive to manage.

When groynes are placed along a coastline, they can trap sediment, stopping the sediment from reaching another location. This causes terminal groyne syndrome.

When conflict occur between different stakeholders along a coastline.

A plan which sets out how the coast is to be managed. It can include strategies such as hold the line, advance the line, strategic realignment, or a do nothing approach.

Clear selection

What is a cost-benefit analysis?

1 point

In coastal management this means looking at the coast as a whole instead of an individual bay or a beach.

When groups look at all the costs of a project, social and environmental as well as financial, and deciding whether it is worth going ahead.

Clear selection

Why do cliffs collapse?

1 point

Marine cliff foot processes

Sub-aerial cliff face processes

Human actions

All of the above

Clear selection

What happens with marine cliff foot processes?

1 point

The base of the cliff is eroded by hydraulic action and abrasion, making the cliff face steeper.

Weathering weakens the cliff face - this can be mechanical weathering (e.g. freeze thaw), chemical (e.g. solution) or biological (plant roots).

Heavy rain saturates the permeable rock at the cliff top. Rainwater may also erode the cliff as it runs down the face or emerges from a spring.

The water flows through permeable rock, adding weight to the cliff geology which is too weak to support itself.

Building on the cliff top adds a load, which can weigh down on the weakened cliff.

Clear selection

What is the problem in Christchurch Bay on the UK's south coast?

1 point

Residents and businesses downdrift worry that defences built updrift will reduce their beach size and protection.

Environmentalists fear that habitats and sensitive ecosystems will be affected by the construction of sea defences.

Local politicians fear that local taxes will rise to pay for coastal protection.

Without management, the cliffs erode by over 2 meters a year, threatening residential areas along the coast such as Barton-on-Sea.

Clear selection

What are the impacts of erosion in Christchurch Bay?

1 point

Rapid cliff collapses are dangerous for people on the cliff top, and on the beach.

Homeowners lose their homes to the sea, house values fall and insurance is impossible to get.

Roads and other infrastructure are destroyed.

Erosion makes the area unattractive.

All of the above

Clear selection

What are the benefits and problems of sea walls?

1 point

They break up incoming waves, restrict beach access and look ugly, and can be destroyed by big storms.

They reflect waves back out to sea, can prevent easy access to the beach and suffer from wave scour - this is where plunging waves erode the beach and attack the wall's foundations.

Clear selection

What are the benefits and problems of rock armour?

1 point

They are easy to build, more expensive if built in the sea, and dissipate wave energy and look natural.

The steps help to dissipate wave energy and the bullnose throws waves up and back out to sea.

They are a cheap type of sea wall, they absorb wave energy as they are permeable, but they are not very strong.

They prevent longshore drift, trapping sand and shingle; they create a larger beach which is able to dissipate wave energy, reducing erosion; but they may increase erosion downdrift.

Clear selection

What are the difficult decisions the UK faces when it comes to protecting the coast?

1 point

At present, the Government thinks it is too expensive to protect farmland and isolated houses.

Residents, councils and businesses often disagree with decisions over coastal management.

It is very hard to persuade people who have lived by the coast all their lives that protecting their property is not sustainable.

Planning defences is difficult if we don't know exactly what the impact of rising sea levels will be.

All of the above

Clear selection

What is the correct definition for 'stakeholder'?

0 points

The flat, rocky area left behind when waves erode a cliff away.

Meeting the needs of people now and in the future, and limiting harm to the environment.

An approach which builds on knowledge of coastal environment and takes account of the wide range of public interest to avoid piecemeal attempts to protect one area at the expense of another.

A person with an interest or concern in something, such as those who are likely to be affected by coastal erosion.

Clear selection

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