APES AP Exam Review #6

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Which of the following terms applies to the economic approach of including external costs in the price of goods and services? *

1 point

Optimal-cost pricing

Cost-benefit pricing

Full-cost pricing

Green pricing

Subsidized pricing

Which of the following is a true statement about passive solar heating? *

1 point

It is effective only during the summer months

It is based in part on the principle of the greenhouse effect

It is not used to heat commercial buildings

It is not efficient because it cannot produce high-quality energy

It produces more pollution than heating with an electric heat pump

Which of the following is a common characteristic of lakes undergoing cultural eutrophication? *

1 point

Decreased rates of sediment accumulation

Decreased amounts of green and blue-green algae

Increased levels of oxygen throughout the water column

Increased water clarity in the epilimnion

Increased levels of plant nutrients

Which of the following is an important contributor to both global warming and ozone depletion? *

1 point

An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide to higher-than-preindustrial levels

A buildup of methane in the stratosphere to higher-than-preindustrial levels

An increase in the levels of ultraviolet radiation reaching Earth's surface

An increase in the amount of infrared solar radiation absorbed in the troposphere

A release of chlorofluorocarbons to the atmosphere

The most populous countries in the world are China, India, and *

1 point

Indonesia

Russia

the United States

Japan

Mexico

Lakes that are characterized by high water clarity and low concentrations of dissolved nutrients are classified as *

1 point

buffered

climax

eutrophic

oligotrophic

stratified

Smoke from forest fires is most likely to affect air quality over larger areas for many days when *

1 point

smog is produced due to chemical reactions in the atmosphere

a persistent atmospheric inversion exists in the region

oak trees are burned, releasing terpenes into the atmosphere

primarily, rather than secondary, forests are burned

vegetation in the region is green and burns more slowly

In the majority of less developed countries, the major source of energy for domestic use is which of the following? *

1 point

oil

coal

biomass

nuclear

geothermal

In a river ecosystem, dissolved oxygen concentrations drop quickly downstream from a point-source input of organic matter into the river. This effect is due to *

1 point

increasing populations of mayfly and stonefly larvae

increasing activity of trout and black bass

increasing bacterial activity as organic matter decays

decreasing bacterial activity as turbidity increases

decreasing water temperatures as surface evaporation increases

What is the population doubling time in years for a country with an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent? *

1 point

0.5

3.5

24.5

Three common methods employed in the cleanup of oil spills are *

1 point

aeration of water, skimmer boats, and genetically engineered bacteria

aeration of water, phytoremediation, and genetically engineered bacteria

skimmer boats, high temperature incineration, and phytoremediation

large floating booms, high temperature incineration, and phytoremediation

large floating booms, skimmer boats, and genetically engineered bacteria

Ticks are vectors for various diseases. The ticks acquire the disease-causing organisms from *

1 point

polluted water

feeding on host animals

contact with other ticks

trees and plants in a forest

gene changes as they go through metamorphosis

Which of the following is most likely to increase both the nutrient levels and the bacterial content of lake water? *

1 point

runoff from a nearby hog farm

thermal pollution from a nearby power plant

increased aeration of the lake water

percolation of the water through soil to groundwater

acidification of the lake water by acid deposition

Which of the following is most likely to decrease the dissolved oxygen levels in a lake? *

1 point

increased aeration of the lake water

percolation of water through soil to groundwater

acidification of the lake water by acid deposition

thermal pollution from a nearby power plant

addition of limestone to the lake to increase its buffering capacity

The half-life of radon gas is approximately four days. Four weeks after the introduction of radon into a sealed room, the fraction of the original amount remaining is closest to *

1 point

1/2

1/8

1/32

1/64

1/128

The consumption of mosquitoes by bats and the control of flooding provided by tropical forests in mountainous areas of Central America are examples of *

1 point

adaptive radiation

ecosystem services

evolution by natural selection

ecological equilbrium

positive feedback loops

Which of the following best explains why it is predicted that ozone depletion over the poles will be at its worst between 2010 and 2019? *

1 point

Projected global warming from carbon dioxide emissions is expected to reach a peak during those years.

Ozone-depleting chemicals produced before their use was banned will take long to reach peach concentrations in the stratosphere.

Deforestation in tropical regions is expected to reach a peak during the second decade of the twenty-first century.

Increased global population will lead to an increase in per capita carbon dioxide production.

Acid deposition will continue to increase, reaching a peak in approximately 2015.

Which of the following is a true statement concerning the production of electricity in conventional nuclear power plants using fission reactors? *

1 point

New nuclear power plants will be built without containment structures due to the increased insulation in the reactor core.

Thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy and then to electrical energy, as in coal-burning power plants.

Regularly scheduled releases of radioactive gases during production are well below the maximum contamination levels set by the EPA.

Nuclear production of electricity is much less expensive per kilowatt-hour than production of electricity is much less expensive per kilowatt-hour than production of electricity at a coal-burning or natural-gas-fueled power plant.

Storage of nuclear waste is no longer an issue, because power plants are now storing all waste on-site in specialized containment units.

The use of which of the following to control agricultural insect pests is most likely to have a negative and persistent impact on an ecosystem? *

1 point

Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil organism that kills insect larvae

Braconid sp., a parasitic wasp

Insecticidal soap, a surfactant that kills through suffocation

Lindane, a chlorinated hydrocarbon

Rotenone, a toxic plant derivative

Overgrazing of grasslands can lead to reduced range quality. Two of the major effects of overgrazing are *

1 point

erosion and desertification

higher fire potential and increased productivity

eutrophication and increased methane production

higher productivity and ammonification

soil compaction and subsidence

Which of the following describes the heat-island effect? *

1 point

urban areas trap more heat than rural areas do

tropical islands reflect heat back into the atmosphere

warm water in the Pacific causes excessive evaporation into the atmosphere

lakes retain heat and provide warmth for landmasses nearby

rapid decomposition in swamps releases a large amount of heat

Losses of usable energy between successive trophic levels in an ecosystem are best accounted for by which of the following? *

1 point

the first law of thermodynamics

the second law of thermodynamics

the law of conservation of matter

the process of ecological succession

limiting factors in the ecosystem

A home uses ten 100-watt lightbulbs for five hours per day. Approximately how many kilowatt-hours of electrical energy are consumed in one year by using the lightbulbs? *

1 point

365

1,825

5,000

10,500

365,000

If the pH of a solution is increased from 7 to 9, it means that the *

1 point

concentration of hydrogen ions has decreased by 100 times

concentration of hydrogen ions has increased by 2 times

concentration of hydroxide ions has decreased by 10 times

concentration of hydroxide ions has increased by 2 times

concentration of hydrogen ions has increased by 100 times

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