2019-2020 Unit IV - Final Exam Practice
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Questions 1-3 refer to the excerpt below
“I said everything to them I could to divert them from their idolatries, and draw them to a knowledge of God our Lord. Moctezuma replied, the others assenting to what he said, that they had already informed me they were not the aborigines of the country, but that their ancestors had emigrated to it many years ago; and they fully believed that after so long an absence from their native land, they might have fallen into some errors; that I having more recently arrived must know better than themselves what they ought to believe; and that if I would instruct them in these matters, and make them understand the true faith, they would follow my directions, as being for the best. Afterwards, Moctezuma and many of the principal citizens remained with me until I had removed the idols, purified the chapels, and placed the images in them, manifesting apparent pleasure.”
Letter from Hernán Cortés to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, on his interaction with the Mexica (Aztecs), 1520

1. The interaction between Cortés and Moctezuma most strongly demonstrates Cortés’ *
2. Montezuma’s statement that the Mexica “were not the aborigines of the country” most likely refers to which of the following developments? *
3. Which of the following was a primary feature of social relations established in the Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere? *
Questions 4-6 refer to the excerpt below
“The Old World invaders came in with a raft of infectious diseases....Smallpox was a standard infection in Europe and most of the Old World in 1491.  It took hold in areas of the New World in the early part of the next century and killed a lot of American Indians, starting with the Aztecs and the people of Mexico and Peru….[T]he people of the Indian empires were just decimated by such diseases as smallpox, malaria, all kinds of infectious diseases.”
- Alfred Crosby, Alfred Crosby on the Columbian Exchange (2011)

4. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, what impact did infectious disease have on the native population? *
5. How did the introduction of infectious disease into North America impact African populations? *
6. How did disease impact the American Indian population after contact with Europeans? *
Questions 7-8 refer to the excerpt below
"Commodities of the growth of our country, we never had any but tobacco, which in this yet is considerable, that it yields his majesty a great revenue; but of late, we have begun to make silk, and so many mulberry trees are planted, and planting, that if we had skillful men from Naples or Sicily to teach us the art of making it perfectly, in less than half an age, we should make as much silk in an year as England did yearly expend three score years since; but now we hear it is grown to a greater excess, and more common and vulgar usage. Now, for shipping, we have admirable masts and very good oaks; but for iron ore I dare not say there is sufficient to keep one iron mill going for seven years."
–"Enquiries to the Governor of Virginia," 1665–1676

7. According to the excerpt, how were the economic strategies of the English colonies different from those of other European nations? *
8. What might have replaced tobacco had the excerpt been written by the governor of a middle colony? *
Questions 9-11 refer to the excerpt below
“In 1680 Pueblo leaders united most of their communities against the European intruders … In a matter of weeks, the Pueblos had eliminated Spaniards from New Mexico above El Paso.  The natives had killed over 400 of the province’s 2500 foreigners, destroyed or sacked every Spanish building, and laid waste to the Spaniards’ fields.  There could be no mistaking the deep animosity that some natives, men as well as their influential wives and mothers, held toward their frontier oppressors… Some Pueblo leaders … urged an end to all things Spanish as well as Christian.  After fighting subsided, they counselles against speaking Castilian of planting crops introduced by the Europeans.”
David J Weber, historian, The Spanish Frontier in North America, 1992
9. Which of the following most shaped the events described in the excerpt? *
10. The conflict described in the excerpt led primarily to which of the following changes in Spanish colonial policy *
11. English colonization patterns in North America differed most from Spanish colonization in that the English *
Questions 12-14 refer to the excerpt below
“A firm union will be of the utmost moment to the peace and liberty of the states, as a barrier against domestic faction and insurrection.”
-Alexander Hamilton
“I am not a friend to a very energetic government. It is always oppressive. It places the governors indeed more at their ease, at the expense of the people.”
-Thomas Jefferson

12. Which of the following was the most direct result of the ideas expressed in the quotes above? *
13. Which of the following was most supportive of the ideas expressed by Hamilton? *
14. Which of the following developments most strongly contradicted the ideas expressed in Jefferson’s statement? *
Questions 15-17 refer to the excerpt below
“The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God; [but] it is not true in fact. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right. . . . Can a democratic assembly, who annually revolve in the mass of the people, be supposed steadily to pursue the public good? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy.”
— Alexander Hamilton, speech at the Constitutional Convention, 1787
15. Hamilton’s views expressed in the excerpt most directly supported which of the following? *
16. Based on the excerpt, Hamilton would most likely support *
17. In the decade following the ratification of the Constitution, divisions emerged between Hamilton’s political party, the Federalists, and their rivals, the Democratic-Republicans, over all of the following issues EXCEPT the *
Questions 18-20  refer to the excerpt below
“Mr. Jay’s treaty [which reestablished trade and diplomatic relations between the United States and Great
Britain following the Revolutionary War] has at length been made public. So general a burst of dissatisfaction never before appeared against any transaction. Those who understand the particular articles of it, condemn these articles. Those who do not understand them minutely, condemn it generally as wearing a hostile face to France. This last is the most numerous class, comprehending the whole body of the people, who have taken a greater interest in this transaction than they were ever known to do in any other. It has in my opinion completely demolished the monarchical party here.”
Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Monroe, September 6, 1795

18. Which of the following was an important consequence of the debate over the Jay Treaty? *
19. Thomas Jefferson’s reaction to the Jay Treaty as expressed in the letter was most directly a reflection of ongoing debates in the United States over *
20. Which of the following was a reason the United States government believed it necessary to negotiate a treaty with Great Britain following the American Revolution? *
Questions 21-23 refer to the map below
21. Which of the following was a common justification in the United States for the trend depicted in the map? *
22. In the mid-nineteenth century, the process shown in the map was advocated by supporters of which of the following ideologies? *
23. The trend shown in the map led most directly to which of the following? *
Questions 24-28 refer to the excerpt below
“If any one proposition could command the universal assent of mankind, we might expect it would be this: that the government of the Union, though limited in its powers, is supreme within its sphere of action. This would seem to result necessarily from its nature. It is the government of all; its powers are delegated by all; it represents all, and acts for all. Though any one State may be willing to control its operations, no State is willing to allow others to control them. The nation, on those subjects on which it can act, must necessarily bind its component parts.… Although, among the enumerated powers of government, we do not find the word ‘bank’ or ‘incorporation,’ we find the great powers to lay and collect taxes; to borrow money; to regulate commerce; to declare and conduct a war; and to raise and support armies and navies…a government, intrusted with such ample powers…must also be instructed with ample means for their execution.…We are unanimously of opinion, that the law passed by the legislature of Maryland, imposing a tax on the Bank of the United States, is unconstitutional and void.”
Chief Justice John Marshall, McCullough v. Maryland, 1819
24. John Marshall’s decisions tended to strengthen the power of *
25. Which of the following groups would most likely have supported the arguments in the excerpt above? *
26.The ideas expressed in the case above can best be understood in the context of debates over *
27. Which of the following statements best describes the ideals of the excerpt above? *
28. Interpreting the “necessary and proper” powers clause of the Constitution to mean that the federal government has implied powers not specifically stated in the Constitution is based on the idea of *
Questions 29-31 refer to the excerpt below
This transformation of the condition of the country from gloom and distress to brightness and prosperity, has been mainly the work of American legislation, fostering American industry, instead of allowing it to be controlled by foreign legislation, cherishing foreign industry. The foes of the American System, in 1824, with great boldness and confidence, predicted, 1st. The ruin of the public revenue, and the creation of a necessity to resort to direct taxation. The gentleman from South Carolina, (General Hayne,) I believe, thought that the tariff of 1824 would operate a reduction of revenue to the large amount of eight millions of dollars. 2d. The destruction of our navigation. 3d. The desolation of commercial cities. And 4th. The augmentation of the price of objects of consumption, and further decline in that of the articles of our exports. Every prediction which they made has failed--utterly failed
Henry Clay, In Defense of the American System, 1832

29.The system that Henry Clay describes above was designed to create *
30. By 1848, which component of the American System was still used to benefit business? *
31. Henry Clay's American System was principally intended to encourage *
Questions 32-34 refer to the excerpt below
“Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas—healing and justice. . . . [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America’s inevitable historical condition. . . . But theories of inevitability . . . are rarely satisfying. . . . The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I.”
 David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001
32. One key change immediately following the Civil War aimed at achieving the “racial justice” that Blight describes was the *
33. Which of the following best explains the reason for the reconciliation described by Blight? *
34.  Which of the following best characterizes the “sectional reunion” Blight describes? *
Questions 35-38 refer to the excerpt below
35. The trend in total population from 1670 to 1700 depicted on the graph is best explained by *
36. The population trend for African Americans depicted on the graph resulted most directly from which of the following? *
37. By 1790, the population trend depicted on the graph led to the *
38. By the 1860s, the long-term effects of the population trends depicted on the graph most directly contributed to the *
Questions 39-41 refer to the excerpt below
“For a few years in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of immigration after 1845. . . . The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in comparison with the immigration of the late
1840s. . . . During the decade 1846–1855, more than three million immigrants entered the United States—equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845 population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any ten-year period in American history. . . . Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition.”
James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010
39. Which of the following most directly contributed to “the sharp increase of immigration after 1845” referenced in the excerpt? *
40. Which of the following could best be used as evidence to support the argument in the excerpt that “ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue” of the period? *
41. The conflict described in the excerpt is most similar to conflict in what other period? *
Questions 42-45 refer to the excerpt below


“The Fourteenth Amendment had far-reaching consequences. Section 1 has become the most important provision in the Constitution for defining and enforcing civil rights. It vastly expanded federal powers to prevent state violations of civil rights.”
- Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Gerstle, Rosenberg and Rosenberg, Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, 2009
42. Which of the following was a long term result of the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment? *
43. What impeded the effectiveness of the Fourteenth Amendment in providing equal protection and citizenship rights? *
44. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Reconstruction Amendments drew great criticism from the women’s right movement because they *
45. A direct result of the 14th amendment was that *
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