APES AP Exam Review #7

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Very Important Review for AP Exam

Two major factors involved in the conversion of primary air pollutants into secondary air pollutants are *

1 point

sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid

nitrogen oxides and sulfates

sulfates and water

water and volatile organic compounds

sunlight and water

Ocean acidification is caused by *

1 point

dissolving of the shells of marine invertebrates

increased oxygen content around coral reefs

wastes from the high marine biodiversity found in coral reef ecosystems

increased carbonate ion concentration resulting from increased carbon dioxide concentration in oceans

increased bicarbonate ion concentration resulting from increased carbon dioxide concentration in oceans

Red tides are most often caused by *

1 point

increased ocean oxygen content

increased ocean carbon dioxide content

ocean acidification leading to red algal blooms

coastal nutrient pollution from non-point sources

coastal destruction of wetlands leaving red clays exposed to erosion

Worldwide, humans primarily use freshwater primarily for *

1 point

mining and industrial processes

electrical production

agricultural irrigation

residential heating, cooking, and plumbing

global nuclear power energy production

The Sun's radiation provides the energy for all of the following EXCEPT *

1 point

plant growth

ocean currents

hurricanes

plate tectonics

cloud formation

Catalytic converters reduce which of the following pairs of pollutants in car exhaust? *

1 point

carbon dioxide and ozone

carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons

carbon dioxide and particulates

lead and mercury

methane and particulates

Red pine trees are currently found growing in only the cool northernmost areas of the central and eastern United States. Climate change is expected to have an impact on the distribution of the species. Which of the following describes the most likely change to the distribution of red pine over the next 200 years? *

1 point

Red pine will grow in only the wetter areas of the southeastern United States

Red pine will spread to large areas of the Southwest

The total number of red pine trees will decrease, but red pine trees will continue to grow in the same locations as they grow currently.

Red pine distribution will shift northward into Canada.

Red pine distribution will expand southward to Caribbean nations.

Construction of a solar power plant is proposed for a desert area near a school. A student has hypothesized that the shade cast by the solar panels will increase the mortality of creosote bush, a native desert plant in the area. Before construction begins, what experimental data should the student collect in order to eventually test the hypothesis? *

1 point

The rate of increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide worldwide (in ppm) that occurs in the 12-month period prior to the start of construction.

Average noise levels (in decibels) at a construction site, compared to average noise levels in the desert 20 km away from the construction site.

The rate of wind-caused soil erosion (in kg/yr) near solar panels at a similar desert location where creosote bush grows.

The direct sunlight received where creosote bush in the desert area (in kWh/square meter) during a 12-month period.

The changes in monthly precipitation (in mm/yr) at a similar desert location where creosote bush grows.

For which of the following reasons do small isolated islands have a greater rate of species extinction than larger, less isolated islands? *

1 point

small isolated islands are more likely to receive more migrating species

small isolated islands provide opportunities for a greater diversity of species

because of their size, small isolated islands accumulate more species by chance

small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources

because they have fewer available niches, small isolated islands are targeted and colonized by species

Some studies have indicated that global amphibian populations are declining and that exposure to herbicides in agricultural runoff is implicated in the decline. Which of the following is the most likely explanation of how herbicides affect amphibians? *

1 point

The herbicides are fat soluble and accumulate in groundwater

The herbicides act as a plant nutrient, causing algal blooms

The herbicides act as endocrine disruptors

The herbicides are ingested amphibians that mistake them for food

The herbicides contain heavy metals

The presence of which of the following in soil is most likely to neutralize acid rain? *

1 point

limestone

granite

sand

radon

humus

Brown pelicans are fish-eating birds. As a result of an El Nino event, the population of brown pelicans in southern California declines. Which of the following best explains the relationship between the El Nino event and the population decline? *

1 point

Warmer ocean temperatures can cause fish to move to colder water farther from pelican nest sites

lower sea surface heights can result in pelican nest sites being isolated too far from their food supply in the ocean

the female reproductive tract of birds does not function at the lower water temperatures of El Nino

male pelicans get disoriented due to lack of moisture and fail to return to the nest with food

predatory seal populations increase dramatically due to decreased rainfall

Open oceans produce the largest share of Earth's biomass because the net primary productivity (NPP) of the oceans is *

1 point

high and thus can support a high proportion of producers

high as a result of the high concentration of nutrients in the open ocean

low, but the large expanse of the oceans supports enormous numbers of producers such as phytoplankton

low, but the individual producers found there are huge in size

low, but still higher than that of other ecosystems of the world

Which of the following is caused by microscopic fibers from a mineral? *

1 point

Radon

Asbestosis

Malaria

Emphysema

AIDS

Which biome has soil composed of litter and humus, but the soil is acidic due to accumulation of needles? *

1 point

Desert

Grassland

Tropical rain forest

Coniferous forest

Deciduous forest

Which of the following choices gives the geologic eras in the correct sequence, from oldest to the most recent? *

1 point

Cenozoic-Mesozoic-Paleozoic-Precambrian

Precambrian-Paleozoic-Mesozoic-Cenozoic

Paleozoic-Precambrian-Cenozoic-Mesozoic

Paleozoic-Cenozoic-Precambrian-Mesozoic

Precambrian-Cenozoic-Mesozoic-Paleozoic

An increase in the amount of UV light striking the Earth as a result of ozone loss will cause which of the following? *

1 point

global climate change

increased skin cancer rates in humans

lowering of ocean water levels

an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

a change in the North Atlantic Current

Acid deposition most severely affects amphibian species because amphibians *

1 point

do not care for their young

are not mammals

need to live in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats

seldom reproduce

eat only small insects

CITES has tried to protect endangered species by which of the following steps? *

1 point

Making more countries keep these species in zoos

Paying the debts of member countries in order to relieve the pressure to sell endangered species

Developing a list of endangered species and prohibiting the trade of those species

Providing member countries with a police force to uphold the CITES treaty

restoring endangered habitats

Country A had a birth rate of 12 per 1000 in the year 2000 and a death rate of 9 per 1000 in the same year. Which of the following is the correct rate of growth for the year 2000? *

1 point

36.0%

27.0%

4.0%

3.0%

0.3%

The current trend where some species bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics is best described as *

1 point

genetic diversity

speciation

extinction

macroevolution

microevolution

Which of the following is NOT considered a criteria pollutant regulated by the U.S. EPA? *

1 point

carbon dioxide

carbon monoxide

particulate matter

tropospheric ozone

lead

Which is responsible for reducing global CFC production by half? *

1 point

Pollution Prevention Act

CERCLA

Kyoto Protocol

Montreal Protocol

Clean Water Act

Which of the following strengthened regulations pertaining to noise pollution? *

1 point

CERCLA

Kyoto Protocol

Montreal Protocol

Superfund Act

Clean Air Act

Which of the following is NOT removed by wastewater treatment? *

1 point

organic -oxygen demanding waste

slude

pharmaceuticals

pathogens like E. coli

ammonia and ammonium in the wastewater

Which of the following is NOT a way noise pollution impacts human health? *

1 point

fatigue

cardiovascular issues

mesothelioma

stress

hearing problems

Which of the following is NOT a cause of the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico? *

1 point

fertilizer runoff from agricultrual fields along the Mississippi River watershed

pesticide runoff from the agricultural fields along the Mississippi River watershed

organic waste from the aquaculture farms along the Mississippi River

organic waste from the cow pastures along the Mississippi River watershed

fertilizer runoff from residential neighborhoods along the Mississippi River watershed

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