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AP World History Unit 3
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What characteristic is UNIQUE to the definition of a land-based empire?
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1 point
The constant seeking of territorial expansion by land.
The constant seeking of territorial expansion by sea.
The strong use of gunpowder and cannon weapons.
The establishment of a centralized authority.
What was the overall role of gunpowder in the development of land-based empires?
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The improvement of such technology allowed and facilitated these empires to expand territorially.
It increased the presence of the military in the empires’ societies by the creation of the “military professionals” class, perceived as elite.
Its transmission through significant trade routes intensified its use in the empires’ which contributed to the creation of more centralized authorities.
All of the above.
What are the main land-based empires the unit will focus on?
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1 point
Spanish, English, Portuguese, French
Japanese shogunate, Ming, Korean
Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, Russian, and Manchu
Aztec, Inca, Mayan
Which historic events served as ALMOST DIRECT, fundamental context to initiate this time frame characterized by strong, land-based empires?
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The creation of new maritime-based empires that battled with upcoming land-based empires.
The fall of both the Mongol and Byzantine empires, as well as Tamerlane’s demonstration of the capacities of gunpowder weapons.
The creation of the Silk Roads and other significant trade networks of the era.
The rise of a great variety of prophets encouraged highly religious groups to unify, with the ultimate purpose of satisfying their god.
Which of these were necessary for this historical process of empire expansion to happen?
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Gunpowder, economic prosperity, and naval control
Gunpowder, the fall of the Roman Empire, and stable trade networks
Gunpowder, trade/tax diplomacy, and conquest of other empires
Gunpowder, the creation of battle axes, and religious rivalries
Why were the gunpowder empires named in such a way?
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They invented gunpowder.
They did not invent it but were the first to utilize it.
They constantly collaborated with its trade.
They were the first empires to use it in massive amounts.
What was the trade and tax diplomacy?
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The implementation of the jizya tax was proof of this account since it taxed all non-Muslims.
It was an agreement between the gunpowder empires to set the same amount of taxes on goods.
It consisted of reducing monetary restrictions with merchants to maximize economic gains.
It was a mainly predominant system in the Safavid empire in which the government would completely regulate trade and taxes.
How did controlling trade help the empires stabilize and prosper?
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It increased revenues for the empires.
It grew their weaponry and goods supplies since they exchanged products more.
It funded governmental needs for infrastructure, the military, and other aspects.
All of the above.
Which dynasty was able to expand into Taiwan, Mongolia, Central Asia, and Tibet, among others, by using gunpowder weaponry?
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Song dynasty
Songhai dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Qing dynasty
What were Shah Ismail I’s accomplishments?
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He was a Mughal ruler that rose to power in his adolescence.
He conquered most of Persia and Iraq for the Safavid empire.
Instituted Sunni Islam as the official religion for the empire.
Lifted taxes for trade generated more respect for the empire.
Who and how did he found the Mughal Empire?
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Akbar started to rule over small communities until he was able to unify them all and establish the Mughal empire.
Jahangir unified the future Mughal citizens by appealing to them with religious beliefs, claiming he had a spirit-like connection with Muhammad.
Babur founded the empire by conquering the northern parts of India today.
Aurangzeb utilized the help of the Ottomans to help him conquer many territories in exchange for a high amount of money.
What was the role of bureaucratic or military elites?
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They had the obligation to manage the money supplies for the trade.
They had the responsibility of helping direct the government and maintain the loyalty of the citizens towards the ruler.
They collaborated on creating innovative laws alongside the ruler.
They were required to raise revenue for the government’s funds meant for infrastructure and delightful architecture.
What did the system of military elites consist of in the Ottoman empire?
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Non-Muslim children were recruited at a young age to receive military training and academic education to later become military elites or government officials.
A great number of citizens volunteered to be trained and work as Janissaries.
The ruler assigned his closest acquaintances to become military elites.
The empire’s citizens were examined in their physical ability and those who stood out the most were selected to receive further training.
Why did the salaried samurai emerge in the Tokugawa Shogunate?
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The ruler wanted to portray them as a source of instability for the Japanese society to start rejecting samurais.
The government was grateful to the warriors that they implemented a salary for them.
The government wanted the samurais to have the motive to continue their warrior work.
Samurais lost their traditional roles as warriors as a consequence of the unification of Japan.
What was the main form in which the Chinese consolidated their bureaucracy?
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Elaboration of elegant artistry.
Granting pieces of land to the military.
Examination system.
Selling the rights to be part of their bureaucracy.
How did religious buildings help legitimize the rule of the empire’s authorities?
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Religious buildings often did not help benefit the ruler since their citizens instead viewed them with greed.
It helped evidence a religious connection between the ruler and the religious authorities, as well as grant them an opportunity to display their riches.
These buildings’ purpose was to demonstrate the ruler had some intellectual knowledge about religion.
By implementing a similar lifestyle of the ruler for the citizens to acknowledge how their authority lives daily.
What was the purpose of the Palace of Versailles?
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1 point
Generate a space for the royalty.
Exemplify military strength.
Spend the unused funds of the government.
Display the powerful French architecture.
Which types of arts pertaining from land-based empires were an example of the consolidation of power these empires had?
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Ottoman miniatures.
Fine metalwork.
The non-religious paintings.
Plastic art.
What was the function of having certain people being assigned the responsibility of collecting taxes and tributes for the empires? Choose the best answer.
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To raise an indirect revenue for the government, aiming to avoid the citizens being infuriated towards the government directly.
To incorporate the past royal classes in the government.
To create an elite class of individuals who would be highly loyal to the government, ultimately helping maintain the empire’s stability.
To interrupt the individual development of merchants.
What were some ways in which the European states consolidated their power?
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The Divine right of kings was used to legitimize the power of authorities as it provided them a religious connection with God and Jesus.
The Justices of the Peace, implemented in England, had the purpose of settling legal disputes and serving the rulers.
The absolutist ideology was utilized to place absolute power on the ruler.
All of the above.
Who were the main political figures of the Ottoman Empire?
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1 point
Babar, Akbar, Zamindar
Osman Bey, Mehmed II, Suleiman I
Confucius, Mencius
İsa Çelebi, Murad
What occurred during the Ottoman Empire's peak?
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The empire peaked with Mehmed II who conquered Constantinople and transformed it into Istanbul as well as establishing Topkapi Palace as his residence.
The peak occurred when the Devshirme system was first implemented in the empire since it created a new, elite military class.
The Ottoman empire’s peak occurred during the rule of Suleiman I who expanded their territory by pushing into Europe and the Mediterranean, reformed the justice system, and created a single legal code for the entirety of the empire.
The Ottoman artistry of rugs, distinctive tiles, and pottery generated immense growth in the economy, which developed the peak of the empire.
How were land-based empires mainly able to centralize and consolidate power?
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1 point
They centralized and consolidated power through the use of taxation, religion, and the military.
They centralized and consolidated power by expanding the bureaucracy and growing the middle class.
They centralized and consolidated power to eliminate the nobility and elite classes.
They centralized and consolidated power by implementing feudal-like systems, as the gunpowder empires tried to imitate Europe.
Which of these statements are true about the characteristics that depicted Akbar from the Mughal Empire as a great ruler?
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1 point
Only I
I, II
I, II, III
II, III
Why was religion key for expansion and unification?
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1 point
It unified individuals under the same beliefs and encouraged them to act together.
It helped generate more motives for the expansion of empires, as they desired to satisfy their religious needs.
The expansion was encouraged as they wanted not only to expand territorially, but also spread their religion even more.
All of the above.
What was the religious situation characterized by in the Mughal Empire?
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1 point
The Mughal empire had an inner Sunni-Shi’a split that complicated the religious hierarchy and further generated conflict between the citizens.
The Mughals abstained from having any general religion in the empire, meaning they desired to remain religiously diverse rather than having any religion be favored for the ruling class.
The many interactions with Hindus and Muslims led to the creation of Sikhism, Sufism, and the Bhakti movement in the empire.
The empire was the only of the three gunpowder empires that did not have Muslim leaders and instead was ruled by Buddhists.
Why was the Mughal Empire known for being religiously tolerant?
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The ruler Babur was known for implementing a law decriminalizing Islam in the empire.
The Mughals never implemented the jizya (non-Muslim) tax which made the Mughals much more tolerant than the other empires that always maintained such tax.
The empire’s society was only composed of Muslims meaning that in the few circumstances that they dealt with non-Muslims, it was greatly facilitated to be tolerant.
The ruler Akbar abolished the jizya (non-Muslim tax) as well as fostering a non-discriminative environment for all religions and creating religiously intellectual spaces.
What was Sikhism characterized by?
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1 point
It was characterized by its hatred towards other religions, especially Islam as it called for a religious division in the gunpowder empires.
It was a religious movement forming part of Hinduism with the objective to dismantle the caste system.
Sikhism was a syncretic religion that combined Hindu and Buddhist elements created by Guru Nanak.
It emerged as a smaller branch of Sufism, a mystic outlook on Islam that emphasized the abandoning of materialism.
What was the role of the Sunni-Shia split in this era?
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Considering the Ottomans were Sunni Muslims and the Safavids were Shi’a Muslims, their political competition consequently intensified the religious rivalry.
The Sunni-Shia split occurred in 700 CE, meaning it had no role during this era.
Both the Ottomans and Safavids identified as Shi’a Muslims which caused some hatred towards the Mughals, which were Sunni Muslims; nonetheless, there were no major war rivalries.
When the Mughals claimed the title of “Caliph” for their leader, the role of the religious split increased as the Ottomans and Safavids allied to attack them.
What did Wahhabi Islam evidence about conservatism in the land-based empires?
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There was no conservatism in land-based empires considering they agreed to remain peaceful about their religions with the purpose of maintaining their trade stability.
Extreme branches of Islam arose as they wanted to defend their naval bases considering they began to have at-sea religious conflicts.
Wahhabi Islam emerged in the Ottoman and Mughal empires as a response to the growing religious power of the Safavid empire.
The Safavid empire was the only of the 3 Islamic gunpowder empires that belonged to the Shi’a branch of Islam, which led them to become extremely conservative in order to reinforce their presence.
Generally, where did power and wealth come from in land-based empires?
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1 point
Naval control and city posts
Gold-salt trade.
Elaboration of silk.
Trade routes and agriculture.
What are some examples of the empires’ administrative systems based on religious justification and those based on military elites?
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1 point
The Divine Right of Kings was a system based on religion while the Devshirme system was based on the military.
The Daimyo system was based on the military while the Protestant-priest system was based on religion.
The Mandate of Heaven was a system based on the military while the Millet system was based on religion.
Both the Janissary and Millet systems were based on religion.
How do the Ottoman and Mughal Empires’ social hierarchies compare?
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They are highly similar since both of their social hierarchies were based on religion.
They are highly similar since both of their social hierarchies were based on race.
They are highly different since the Ottoman’s social hierarchy was established on socioeconomic classes while the Mughal’s hierarchy focused on religion.
They are highly different considering the Ottoman’s had no hierarchy and the Mughal’s hierarchy was predominantly based on socioeconomic status and race.
Overall, what were some reasons the Islamic Gunpowder empires fell?
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The rise of the Mongol and Byzantine empires toppled over the Islamic Gunpowder empires, leading to their weakening and ultimate fall.
Their failure to modernize their economy and military developed a growing anger and dislike from the empires’ societies towards their rulers, which added to their decline.
The increasing loyalty from the civilization to the rulers caused such rulers to grow their own power, further developing strong dictatorships.
The modernization of gunpowder weaponry led to the conquest of the Islamic Gunpowder empires; therefore, ending their rule just as the way it started.
What were the titles of the governmental leaders of the Gunpowder empires?
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King, Emperor, Caliph
General, Shogun, Admiral
Raja, Sahib, Minister
Sultan, Shah, Mizra
Which of these following characteristics are true about all of the Islamic Gunpowder empires?
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1 point
They were all composed of single ethnicities, showing no diversity of peoples in their empires.
They used gunpowder in large amounts but rather than for weaponry, it was meant for trade only.
The empires combined Turko-Persian culture into their empires as well as exhibiting their nomadic roots.
Their administrative systems only focused on maintaining stable and prosperous trading posts.
What are the differences between the elite military units of the Mughal, Safavid, and Ottoman Empire?
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The elite military units were similar in how they were mostly loyal to their ruler; nonetheless, these units were composed of people from different backgrounds. For example, the Janissaries were selected and trained at a young age through the Devshirme system while the Zamindars often consisted of Hindu princes.
All of their elite military units were similar in the way that they always betrayed their rulers considering they had almost no special treatment in their empire motivating them to preserve their rulers’ authority. For instance, the Janissaries had strong restrictions on their family life such as not being able to marry or have children.
The Kizilbash can be considered to have the most significant role in their empire compared to the Janissaries or Zamindards, since they were most valuable for wars. Contrastingly, the Janissaries had weak military training since they did not receive any military training and were rather a group composed of volunteers.
These military units are all different since they all have different roles in their empires since the Janissaries did not have much military involvement, contrary to the Zamindars, while the Kizilbash were in charge of collecting taxes.
Compare: How did the gunpowder empires use art and architecture to strengthen their authority?
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The Ottomans and Safavids did not have any form of this; however, the Mughals’ mausoleums were important as the majestic buildings displayed their capacity for power.
The Safavids’ city of Isfahan had various architectural features that served to exhibit their power, similar to the Mughals’ architecture of mausoleums that also had the same purpose.
The Safavids’ architecture and Ottomans’ miniature paintings were both unsuccessful in their relevance in society and, therefore, did not demonstrate their rulers’ power.
The Ottomans’ miniature paintings often had no religious affiliations which then weakened the Sultan’s power and instead, had to rely on their tax diplomacy.
Compare the religious makeup of the gunpowder empires, which option is correct?
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Both the Ottoman and Mughal empire were led by Sunni Muslims while the Safavid empire was led by Shi’a Muslims.
The Ottoman Empire ruled over non-Muslim minorities while the Safavid Empire ruled over a majority of Sunni Muslims.
The Mughal Empire ruled over a Hindu, Jain, and Sikh majority.
All of the above.
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