PART 238—PASSENGER EQUIPMENT SAFETY STANDARDS

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APTA means the American Public Transportation Association.

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Actuator means a self-contained brake system component that generates the force to apply the brake shoe or brake pad to the wheel or disc.An actuator typically consists of a cylinder,piston, and piston rod

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Anti-climbing mechanism means the parts at the ends of adjoining vehicles in a train that are designed to engage when subjected to large buff loads to prevent the override of one vehicle by another.

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Bind means restrict the intended movement of one or more brake system components by obstruction, increased friction, or reduced clearance.

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Block of cars means one car or multiple cars in a solid unit coupled together for the purpose of being added to, or removed from, a train as a solid unit

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Brake, air or power brake means a combination of devices operated by compressed air, arranged in a system,and controlled manually, electrically,or pneumatically, by means of which the motion of a rail car or locomotive is retarded or arrested

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Brake, disc means a retardation system used on some rail vehicles, primarily passenger equipment, that utilizes flat metal discs as the braking surface instead of the wheel tread.

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Brake, dynamic means a train braking system whereby the kinetic energy of a moving train is used to generate electric current at the locomotive traction motors, which is then dissipated through banks of resistor grids or back into the catenary or third rail system.

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Brake, effective means a brake that is capable of producing its required designed retarding force on the train. A brake is not effective if its piston travel is in excess of the maximum prescribed limits. On vehicles equipped with nominal 12-inch stroke brake cylinders,the brake is not effective if its piston travel exceeds 101⁄2 inches

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Brake indicator means a device, actuated by brake cylinder pressure, which indicates whether brakes are applied or released

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Brake, inoperative means a primary brake that, for any reason, no longer applies or releases as intended or is other wise ineffective

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Brake, on-tread friction means a braking system that uses a brake shoe that acts on the tread of the wheel to retard the vehicle

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Brake, parking or hand brake means a brake that can be applied and released by hand to prevent movement of a stationary rail car or locomotive.

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Brake pipe means the system of piping(including branch pipes, angle cocks, cutout cocks, dirt collectors,hoses, and hose couplings) used for connecting locomotives and all rail cars for the passage of air to control the locomotive and car brakes.

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Brake, primary means those components of the train brake system necessary to stop the train within the signal spacing distance without thermal damage to friction braking surfaces

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Brake, secondary means those components of the train brake system which develop supplemental brake retarding force that is not needed to stop the train within signal spacing distances or to prevent thermal damage to friction braking surfaces

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Brake shoes or pads aligned with tread or disc means that the surface of the brake shoe or pad, respectively, engages the surface of the wheel tread or disc, respectively, to prevent localized thermal stress

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Braking system, blended means a braking system where the primary brake and one or more secondary brakes are automatically combined to stop the train. If the secondary brakes are unavailable,the blended brake uses the primary brake alone to stop the train

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Class I brake test means a complete passenger train brake system test and inspection (as further specified in§ 238.313) performed by a qualified maintenance person to ensure that the air brake system is 100 percent effective.

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Class IA brake test means a test and inspection (as further specified in§ 238.315) performed by a qualified person of the air brake system on each car in a passenger train to ensure that the brakes apply and release on each car in the train in response to train line commands.

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Class II brake test means a test and inspection(as further specified in§ 238.317) performed by a qualified person of brake pipe integrity and continuity from the controlling locomotive to the rear unit of a passenger train.

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Control valves means that part of the air brake equipment on each rail car or locomotive that controls the charging,application, and release of the air brakes, in response to train line commands.

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Crack means a fracture without complete separation into parts, except that, in a casting, a shrinkage crack or hot tear that does not significantly diminish the strength of the member is not a crack

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Crash refuge means a volume with structural strength designed to maximize the survivability of crew members stationed in the locomotive cab during a collision.

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Emergency brake application means an irretrievable brake application resulting in the maximum retarding force available from the train brake system

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Emergency responder means a member of a police or fire department, or other organization involved with public safety charged with providing or coordinating emergency services, who responds to a passenger train emergency

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Foul means restrict the intended movement of one or more brake system components because the component is snagged, entangled, or twisted

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Fuel tank, external means a fuel containment vessel that extends outside the car body structure of a locomotive

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Fuel tank, internal means a fuel containment vessel that does not extend outside the car body structure of a locomotive.

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Full service application means a brake application which results in a brake cylinder pressure at the service limiting valve setting or equivalent

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Head end power means power generated on board the locomotive of a passenger train used for purposes other than propelling the train, such as cooking,heating, illumination, ventilation and air conditioning.

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In passenger service/in revenue service means a train or passenger equipment that is carrying, or available to carry,passengers. Passengers need not have paid a fare in order for the equipment to be considered in passenger or in revenue service

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Intercom system means a two-way,voice communication system

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Locomotive, controlling means the locomotive from which the locomotive engineer exercises control over the Ttrain.

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L/V ratio means the ratio of the lateral force that any wheel exerts on an individual rail to the vertical force exerted by the same wheel on the rail

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Occupied volume means the volume of a rail vehicle or passenger train where passengers or crew members are normally located during service operation,such as the operating cab and passenger seating and sleeping areas. The entire width of a vehicle’s end compartment that contains a control stand is an occupied volume. A vestibule is typically not considered occupied, except when it contains a control stand for use as a control cab

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Override means to climb over the normal coupling or side buffers and linking mechanism and impact the end of the adjoining rail vehicle or unit above the under frame

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Passenger car means rail rolling equipment intended to provide transportation for members of the general public and includes a self-propelled car designed to carry passengers, baggage,mail, or express. This term includes a passenger coach, cab car, and an MU locomotive. In the context of articulated equipment, ‘‘passenger car’’means that segment of the rail rolling equipment located between two trucks.This term does not include a private car.

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Passenger coach means rail rolling equipment intended to provide transportation for members of the general public that is without propelling motors and without a control stand.

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Permanent deformation means the undergoing of a permanent change in shape of a structural member of a rail vehicle.

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Piston travel means the amount of linear movement of the air brake hollow rod (or equivalent) or piston rod when forced outward by movement of the piston in the brake cylinder or actuator and limited by the brake shoes being forced against the wheel or disc.

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Piston travel indicator means a device directly activated by the movement of the brake cylinder piston, the disc brake actuator, or the tread brake unit cylinder piston that provides an indication of the piston travel

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Power car means a rail vehicle that propels a Tier II passenger train or is the lead vehicle in a Tier II passenger train, or both.

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Running brake test means a test (as further specified in § 238.319) performed by a qualified person of a train system or component while the train is in motion to verify that the system or component functions as intended

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Running gear defect means any condition not in compliance with this part which involves a truck component, a draft system component, a wheel, or a wheel component.

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Safety appliance means an appliance required under 49 U.S.C. chapter 203,excluding power brakes. The term includes automatic couplers, handbrakes, sill steps, handholds, handrails,or ladder treads made of steel or a material of equal or greater mechanical strength used by the traveling public or railroad employees that provide a means for safely coupling, uncoupling,or ascending or descending passenger equipment.

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Safety-critical means a component,system, or task that, if not available,defective, not functioning, not functioning correctly, not performed, or not performed correctly, increases the risk of damage to passenger equipment or injury to a passenger, crew member,or other person

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Semi-permanently coupled means coupled by means of a drawbar or other coupling mechanism that requires tools to perform the uncoupling operation.Coupling and uncoupling of each semi-permanently coupled unit in a train can be performed safely only while at a maintenance or shop location where personnel can safely get under a unit or between units.

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Semi-monocoque means a type of rail vehicle construction where the shell or skin acts as a single unit with the supporting frame to resist and transmit the loads acting on the rail vehicle

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Single car test means a comprehensive test (as further specified in § 238.311) of the functioning of all critical brake system components installed on an individual passenger car or unpowered vehicle, other than a self-propelled passenger car, used or allowed to be used in a passenger train.

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Single car test device means a device capable of controlling the application and release of the brakes on an individual passenger car or an unpowered vehicle, other than a self-propelled passenger car, through pneumatic or electrical means.

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Switching service means the classification of freight cars according to commodity or destination; assembling of cars for train movements; changing the position of cars for purposes of loading,unloading, or weighing; placing of locomotives and cars for repair or storage;or moving of rail equipment in connection with work service that does not constitute a train movement

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Tier I means operating at speeds not exceeding 125 mph

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Tier II means operating at speeds exceeding 125 mph but not exceeding 150 mph

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Trailer car means a rail vehicle that neither propels a Tier II passenger train nor is the leading unit in a Tier II passenger train. A trailer car is normally without a control stand and is normally occupied by passengers.

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Train brake communication line means the communication link between the locomotive and passenger equipment ina train by which the brake commands are transmitted. This may be a pneumatic pipe, electrical line, or radio signal.

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Transverse means in a direction perpendicular to the normal direction of travel.

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Uncoupling mechanism means the arrangement for operating the coupler by any means

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Yard air test means a train brake system test conducted using a source of compressed air other than a locomotive.

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En route defect. At the time of the train’s Class I or IA brake test, the passenger equipment in the train was properly equipped with power brakes that comply with this part. The power brakes on the passenger equipment become defective while it is en route to another location.

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Inspection, testing, and maintenance.Each railroad shall develop and adopt written procedures for the inspection,testing, and maintenance of all fire safety systems and fire safety equipment on the passenger equipment it operates. The railroad shall comply with those procedures that it designates as mandatory for the safety of the equipment and its occupants.

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Except as provided in paragraph(b) of this section, either a Class I or a Class IA brake test shall be performed

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A Class I brake test was performed within the previous twelve (12) hours

The train has not been used in passenger service since the performance of the Class I brake test

The train has not been disconnected from a source of compressed air for more than four hours since the performanceof the Class I brake test

ALL OF THE ABOVE

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A running brake test shall be performed whenever the control stand used to control the train is changed to facilitate the movement of a passenger train from one track to another within a terminal complex while not in passenger service

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Each power car shall have an anti-climbing mechanism at its forward end capable of resisting an ultimate upward or downward static vertical force of 200,000 pounds.

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