APES AP Exam Review #5

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High fertility rates are MOST commonly associated with countries that have *

1 point

access to advanced medical care

high life expectancy

low gross domestic product

low infant mortality

delayed age of childbearing

Which of the following countries would be represented by a broad-based, pyramid-shaped age structure diagram? *

1 point

England

Japan

France

United States

Kenya

Which of the following describes land suitable for growing crops? *

1 point

soil

arable land

marginal land

pasture

arid

The greatest amount of fresh water is found in which of the following? *

1 point

the atmosphere

estuaries

lakes

rivers and streams

polar ice caps and glaciers

By the year 2050, world population is expected to approach 10 billion. If the current population trends continue, which region of the world will most likely experience the majority of the growth? *

1 point

North and Central America

Central and South America

Eastern and Western Europe

Africa and Asia

Australia and New Zealand

Which of the following human activities is most closely associated with depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer? *

1 point

Mining of coal

Disposal of refrigerators and air conditioners

Heating homes and factories

Generation of electricity

Agricultural irrigation

Which three sources supply the majority of commercial energy in the world today? *

1 point

Coal, oil, and natural gas

Solar, wind, and biomass

Nuclear, hydropower, and photovoltaics

Wood, dung, and charcoal

Fuel cells, geothermal, and tidal power

Of the following strategies to decrease the landfill volume of packaging material from food and other consumer products, the most energy efficient is *

1 point

recovering plastic packaging material from the waste stream and recycling it

recovering metal packaging material from the waste stream and recycling it

limiting the size of individual beverage containers made from metal, glass, or plastic

using more packaging materials that are manufactured from raw materials that are renewable

promoting the use of reusable containers for consumer goods

Of the following, which is true of noise pollution? *

1 point

Noise pollution is an insignificant occupational hazard.

Noise at 100 decibels has twice the energy of noise at 50 decibels.

Hearing damage occurs most quickly when the intensity level of the sound is low.

In urban areas, few individuals are exposed to noise pollution.

Sudden or persistent noise may lead to permanent hearing loss.

If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000, the natural annual percent increase of its population is *

1 point

0.6%

1.6%

16%

32%

Which of the following best illustrates an abiotic component of the environment affecting a biotic component of the environment? *

1 point

Composted manure is added to agricultural soil during spring tilling.

Coral reefs modify the direction of an ocean current.

Plants release oxygen into the atmosphere during photosynthesis.

Low phosphorus content in soil limits the growth of vegetation.

A thick planting of ground cover reduces soil erosion.

Of the following cities, which regularly experiences the worst levels of photochemical smog that is enhanced by thermal inversions? *

1 point

New York City, New York

Los Angeles, California

Portland, Oregon

Atlanta, Georgia

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Which of the following best describes the first law of thermodynamics? *

1 point

Energy always changes from a more useful, more concentrated form to a less useful, less concentrated form.

In a closed system of constant mass, the energy involved in any physical or chemical change is neither created nor destroyed, but merely changed from one form to another.

Heat always flows from a hot body to a cold body.

Entropy of a system increases as the state of disorganization in the system increases.

In a reversible process, the entropy of the system is constant, whereas in an irreversible process, the entropy of the system increases.

What are two main factors would best indicate the quality of life of a country's population? *

1 point

The total fertility rate and the death rate

The crude birth rate and crude death rate

The birth rate and the infant mortality rate

The replacement level fertility rate and the total fertility rate

The life expectancy and the infant mortality rate

Rachel Carson's contributions to the environmental movement include which of the following? *

1 point

Alerting the public to the hazardous waste problem at Love Canal

Increasing public awareness of the risks of using pesticides

Starting the first Earth Day in 1970

Discovering the thinning of the ozone layer in polar regions

Being the first female administrator of the EPA

In a typical forest ecosystem, dead trees and fallen trees are most important because of their role in which of the following? *

1 point

Providing a valuable source of timber

Providing habitats for wildlife

Contributing to soil erosion

Increasing water runoff

Removing carbon dioxide from the air

When a rainforest is slashed and burned, the local concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases. This is primarily due to *

1 point

changes in the local climate

oxidation of carbon compounds

cellular respiration of rainforest plants

erosion of exposed soil

carbon dioxide being released by anaerobic organisms

Pollution is considered an external cost when *

1 point

it has harmful effects borne only by the people who purchase the products that cause the pollution

the cost to the environment is not reflected in the price of the products that produce the pollution

it has a significant impact on the consumer's decision to buy a product that pollutes

it is a hidden cost that would result in a greater demand for the product if the consumer were aware of the hidden cost

it is produced in the external environment by a malfunction in the operation of the product

A large forested area is fragmented into small forest tracts separated by agricultural areas. This change will most likely lead to *

1 point

an increase in the population of top carnivores

an improvement in the dispersal mechanisms of forest species

a more stable regional climate

a decrease in the amount of edge habitat

a decrease in the gene flow within species of the original forest

The three main anthropogenic sources of gaseous air pollutants in the United States are *

1 point

soil erosion, volcanoes, and forest fires

soil erosion, volcanoes, and energy production

industry, construction, and agriculture

industry, transportation, and energy production

industry, transportation, and agriculture

Which of the following is a measure of the amount of suspended material in water? *

1 point

salinity

turbidity

trace-metal concentration

leachate concentration

Acid deposition would most likely result in which of the following? *

1 point

the release of aluminum ions from soil

an increase in populations of mollusks

the death of species tolerant to low pH levels

an increase in buffering of lake water by sulfates

an increase in the pH of unbuffered water

Which of the following are the three major sources of nutrients and calories for the global human population? *

1 point

potatoes, fish, and barley

wheat, beff, and potatoes

oats, soybeans, and poultry

corn (maize), wheat, and rice

rye, beef, and eggs

If Earth had no atmosphere, the mean surface temperature would be approximately negative 15 degrees Celsius. With our present atmosphere, Earth's mean surface temperature is approximate 15 degrees Celsius. Which of the following is the best explanation for this difference? *

1 point

Reflection of incident solar radiation by clouds

Scattering of visible radiation by aerosols

Absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer

Absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases

The breakdown of oxygen molecules in the thermosphere

Which of the following can be used to assess the biological diversity of an area? *

1 point

Population size of each species and area occupied by each population

Minimum population area and minimum viable population size

Ratio of r-strategists to K-strategists and life expectancy of K-strategists

Number of individuals under fifteen years old and number of individuals over sixty-five years old

Genetic variation within each species and number of species present

Which of the following is a way for the government to encourage efficient energy use? *

1 point

Requiring higher fuel economy standards for new cars

Implementing government subsidies to keep gasoline prices low

Raising the speed limit from 55 to 70 miles per hour

Limiting the development of public transportation systems

Removing all taxes from gasoline at the fuel pump

Tropospheric ozone is most major United States cities results primarily from *

1 point

burning coal

burning fuel for cooking

producing electric power

industrial emissions

motor-vehicle exhaust

Last name *

First name *

Class period *

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