Tutorial Notes 4.1.1.(1-2) Cells
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4.1.1.1 Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells) have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.
Bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells) are much smaller in comparison. They have cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall. The genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus. It is a single DNA loop and there may be one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids.
Students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the scale and size of cells and be able to make order of magnitude calculations, including the use of standard form
4.1.1.2 Animal and plant cells
Students should be able to explain how the main sub-cellular structures, including the nucleus, cell membranes, mitochondria, chloroplasts in plant cells and plasmids in bacterial cells are related to their functions.
Most animal cells have the following parts:
• a nucleus
• cytoplasm
• a cell membrane
• mitochondria
• ribosomes.
In addition to the parts found in animal cells, plant cells often have:
• chloroplasts
• a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap.
Plant and algal cells also have a cell wall made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell.
Students should be able to use estimations and explain when they should be used to judge the relative size or area of sub-cellular structures.

Use these prompts to guide your note taking – but try to add other details.
Make note of the 8 (not just 7) characteristics all forms of life share
Why is the cell membrane so important?
Calculate and compare the surface area to volume ratio of the two square objects
What is the defining structural difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Why do eukaryotes possess organelles but prokaryotes do not?
Why are eukaryotes able to become multicellular but prokaryotes cannot?
Why is there such a large difference between the sizes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
What is the role of the cell membane?
What properties does the cell membrane possess to make it suitable for its role?
How are the cell membranes of different cell types adapted to the differing roles of those cells?
What type of chemical is found in the nucleus and how is it organised?
What is the function of the nucleus?
How does the nucleus do this?
What are plasmids?
Where are plasmids found?
What is the function of a plasmid to the cell
Which type of cells have ribosomes?
What is their function?
What is the function of the flagellum?
What types of cell have a cell wall?
What type of chemical are all cell walls made of?
What are plant cell walls made from?
What is the role of the plant cell wall?
What is the gel like substance forming the interior of the cell called?
What takes place there?
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Where are chloroplasts found?
What is the role of the chloroplast?
What chemical is used found in chloroplasts to perform this function?
What is the role of the large permanent vacuole in plant cells
What structure in the cell prevents this activity from causing a problem
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